Illustrated checklist of the species of Amanitaceae found in the New Jersey Pine Barrens & surrounding areas of New Jersey, Long Island (New York) & eastern Pennsylvania

[ Amanita ]   [ Caesareae ]   [ Vaginatae ]   [ Lepidella ]   [ Amidella ]   [ Phalloideae ]   [ Validae ]   [ Limacella ]


Rodham E. Tulloss and Mary Macher
P. O. Box 57, Roosevelt, New Jersey 08555-0057, USA


Jake's Landing Rd., Cape May Co., New Jersey, U.S.A. Background: The background tile for this page shows a stretch of Jakes Landing Road, Cape May Co., NJ, adjacent to a White Pine (Pinus strobus) plantation in which A. phalloides was apparently introduced.  The small plantation is surrounded by pine-oak barrens in which the dominant pine is Pitch Pine (P. rigida).

This list of species of the genus Amanita is one of the oldest and longest maintained documents in my files and was initiated in the late 1970’s.

Acknowledgments.  Its compilation has benefited by the collecting, photographic, and annotation efforts of many people including the members of the New Jersey Mycological Association, the New York Mycological Society, and the Long Island Mushroom Club.  Particularly large groups of collections were provided by A. & G. Boyd, the Burghardt family, G. Davis, R. M. Fatto, Dr. M. Goldman, C. Hogenbirk, S. Hopkins, J. L. Horman, G. Kibby, N. Macdonald, A. Norarevian, Dr. S. S. Ristich, R. Roper, B. & J. VanSant, Dr. Eugene H. Varney, David Wasilewski, and E. R. Yetter), my wife (Mary A. Tulloss), and my children (Mark, David, and Sarah).  The list and the data it contains also benefited greatly from my conversations and correspondence with Drs. Cornelis Bas (Leiden), David T. Jenkins (Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham), and Zhu L. Yang (Kunming Botanical Institute, Academia Sinica, Yunnan Prov., China).  Representative collections of the listed species are preserved in my herbarium.

While the list is certainly incomplete, I hope that it will prove useful in identifying collections of Amanita from the Pine Barrens and surrounding areas including most of New Jersey, Long Island, and Pennsylvania (especially eastern counties).  D. T. Jenkins (1986) lists NJ records of a few fungi not yet found by myself or the collectors who have supplied me with specimens.  These few taxa are in a companion checklist for the Northeastern states excluding New Jersey.  I have decided to follow this approach to keep the present check list a relatively pure record of my observations based on voucher specimens.

This list contains 132 apparently distinct Amanita taxa and two Limacella taxa.  These are formally described or provisional; as many as 75 are provisional at this time.  With regard to supraspecific taxa, this document follows (Corner and Bas, 1962), (Bas, 1969), and (Yang, 1997).  The taxa are surely undercounted, especially in section Vaginatae.

Data concerning spore size and shape is provided for each taxon.  When spore data is my own it is preceded by three numbers as follows: "[a/b/c]."  In this format, a is the number of spores measured; b is the number of specimens from which these spores came; and c is the number of collections from which the specimens came.

Definitions of biometric variables are to be found in the Teaching Topics box on the upper left of this page under the title "Biometeric variables: ...."

The Q values for taxa in section Lepidella not reviewed by me are from (Bas 1969).  Remaining values not from my own measurements are derived from (Jenkins, 1978) and/or (Jenkins, 1986).  Any errors are my own responsibility.

Indication of selected collecting sites: Note that an asterix (*) after a species in this list indicates that that species was collected in the New Jersey Pine Barrens during the 1984 Northeastern Mycological Foray.  The following list of code names for sites is available in the form of a pop-up.  This can be obtained by setting your pop-up blocker to permit pop-ups from < www.amanitaceae.org > and, then, pressing the gray popup button that appears repeatedly below.

LOCALITY CODES
[ NJ Pine Barrens sites ]  [ NJ non-Pine Barrens sites ]  [ Long Island, NY, sites ]  [ Pennsylvania sites ]

The following codes indicate specific locations in New Jersey from which a given species has been recorded and, for which, a voucher specimen is known.  The codes appear as superscript text after a taxon's name.  (The work on including localities where taxa have been collected is not complete.)

New Jersey Pine Barrens sites are indicated as follows:
AP = Allaire State Park, Monmouth Co.
AT = all locations not separately listed, Atlantic Co.
BB = Brendan Byrne State Forest (no specific locality), Burlington County
BD = Brigantine Div., Edwin B. Forsythe Nat. Wildlife Refuge, Atlantic Co.
BE = Belleplain State Forest, location not separately listed, Cape May Co.
BT = Batsto Village, Wharton State Forest, Burlington Co.
CM = all locations not separately listed, Cape May Co.
CU = all locations not separately listed, Cumberland Co.
FPP = Franklin Parker Preserve, Burlington Co.
GL = all locations not separately listed, Gloucester Co.
JL = Jakes Landing Road, Belleplain State Forest, Cape May Co.
JP = "Spotswood outlyer" of the Pine Barrens in or near Jamesburg Municipal Park, near Helmetta, Middlesex Co.
OC = all locations not separately listed, Ocean Co.
OW = Oswego Lake, Penn State Forest, Ocean Co.
PP = Pakim Pond, Brendan Byrne State Forest, Burlington Co.
PW = Peaslee Wildlife Management Area, Cumberland Co.
SR = Shark River County Park, Monmouth Co.
UC = Union Lake, Cumberland Co.
WA = Waretown, Ocean Co.
WF = Wharton State Forest (excluding Batsto Village), Atlantic Co., NJ
[ NJ Pine Barrens sites ]  [ NJ non-Pine Barrens sites ]  [ Long Island, NY, sites ]  [ Pennsylvania sites ]

New Jersey sites outside of the Pine Barrens are indicated as follows:
AW = Assunpink Wildlife Management Area, Monmouth Co.
BV = Bernardsville, Somerset Co.
CA = all locations not separately listed, Camden Co.
CQ = Cheesequake State Park, Middlesex Co.
ES = all locations not separately listed, Essex Co.
HI = Hightstown, Mercer Co.
HO = Hopewell Township, Mercer Co.
HP = Holmdel County Park, Monmouth Co.
HR = Hackettstown Reservoir, Morris Co.
HU = all locations not separately listed, Hunterdon Co.
HW = Herrontown Woods County Park, Mercer Co.
LB = Lebanon, Hunterdon Co.
MF = Middlesex Falls Reservoir, Middlesex Co.
MN = all locations not separately listed, Monmouth Co.
MO = all locations not separately listed, Morris Co.
MQ = Manasquan Reservoir, Monmouth Co. [oak barrens]
MR = all locations not separately listed, Mercer Co.
MS = Millstone Township, Monmouth Co.
MW = Meadow Woods Municipal Park, Mendham, Morris Co.
OL = Oldwick, Hunterdon Co.
PA = all locations not separately listed, Passaic Co.
PR = Princeton Borough and Township, Mercer Co.
RC = Rancocas State Park, Burlington Co.
RO = Roosevelt Borough, Monmouth Co.
SF = Stokes State Forest, Sussex Co.
SM = South Mountain Reservatio, Essex Co.
SO = all locations not separately listed, Somerset Co.
SP = Stephens State Park, Warren Co.
SX = all locations not separately listed, Sussex Co.
UL = Union Lake Fish & Wildlife Management Area, Mercer Co.
WA = all locations not separately listed, Warren Co.
WO = Worthington State Forest, Warren Co.
WX = Washington Crossing State Park, Mercer Co.
YC = Yards Creek Reservation, Warren Co.
[ NJ Pine Barrens sites ]  [ NJ non-Pine Barrens sites ]  [ Long Island, NY, sites ]  [ Pennsylvania sites ]

Long Island, NY, sites are indicated as follows:
BP = Bethpage State Park, Nassau Co.
CE = Cedar Point Park, Suffolk Co.
CH = Cunningham Park, Queens Co.
CS = Caumsett State Park, Suffolk Co.
EO = Edgewood Oak Brush Plains Preserve, Suffolk Co.
MU = Muttontown Preserve, Nassau Co.
RP = Rocky Point Conservation Area, Suffolk Co.
SH = Southhaven Co. Pk., Suffolk Co.
SK = all locations not separately listed, Suffolk Co.
TR = Terrell River County Nature Preserve, Suffolk Co.
[ NJ Pine Barrens sites ]  [ NJ non-Pine Barrens sites ]  [ Long Island, NY, sites ]  [ Pennsylvania sites ]

Pennsylvania sites are indicated as follows:
ADA = all locations not separately listed, Adams Co.
ALG = all locations not separately listed, Allegheny County Co.
BER = all locations not separately listed, Berks Co.
BUC = all locations not separately listed, Bucks Co.
CAR = all locations not separately listed, Carbon Co.
CLA = all locations not separately listed, Clarion Co.
CLE = all locations not separately listed, Clearfield Co.
COL = all locations not separately listed, Columbia Co.
CUM = all locations not separately listed, Cumberland Co.
ERI = all locations not separately listed, Erie Co.
FRA = all locations not separately listed, Franklin Co.
FUL = all locations not separately listed, Fulton Co.
LAC = all locations not separately listed, Lackawanna Co.
LAW = all locations not separately listed, Lawrence Co.
LZ = all locations not separately listed, Luzerne Co.
MCK = all locations not separately listed, McKean Co.
MON = all locations not separately listed, Monroe Co.
NOR = all locations not separately listed, Northampton Co.
PE = Pocono Environmental Education Center, Pikes Co.
PIK = all locations not separately listed, Pike Co.
SCH = all locations not separately listed, Schuylkill Co.
SUL = all locations not separately listed, Sullivan Co.
UNI = all locations not separately listed, Union Co.
WES = all locations not separately listed, Westmoreland Co.
YOR = all locations not separately listed, York Co.
TAXONOMIC PART
Links to listings for sections of the genus Amanita:

[ Amanita]  [ Caesareae ]  [ Vaginatae ]  [ Lepidella ]  [ Amidella ]  [ Phalloideae ]  [ Validae]  [ Limacella]



Subgenus Amanita
(Spores inamyloid.)

Section Amanita

Stipe bearing a basal bulb, do not confuse with cupulate volval remains on nonbulbous stipe base.

[ sectional links ]  [  top ] 

  1. albocreata (G. F. Atk.) E.-J. Gilbert LZ NOR PE SF  In the region, found only in forests combining Canadian Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) and northern hardwoods.  Spores: [121/6/6] (7.3-) 7.7 - 9.5 (-11.6) × 6.6 - 8.4 (-9.4) µm, (L = 8.1 - 9.0 µm; L’ = 8.7 µm; W = 7.1 - 8.1 µm; W’ = 7.6 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.04 - 1.23 (-1.32); Q = 1.10 - 1.16; Q’ = 1.14).  [ image ]




  2. austrowellsii Tulloss et al. nom. prov.
    Spores:[40/1/1] (10.7-) 11.0 - 13.5 (-16.0) × (6.8-) 7.0 - 8.4 (-9.0) μm, (L - 12.4 μm; W = 7.6 mu;m; Q = (1.53-) 1.55 - 1.75 (-1.88); Q = 1.64),   [image ]




  3. crenulata Peck AT BB CQ FPP GL HO JL JP LZ OW PP PR RO SCH SF SR WA WES WX  (=species 27)  Extremely common. This entity is poisonous and colored differently than stated in the original description (however, in agreement with water color by original collector); small to medium stature; pale creamy to sordid tan or beige sometimes with yellowish tint; often with dense covering of paler, powdery warts and scales.  Universal veil material also appears as powder on upper half to third of bulb which may have scant, gemmata-type collar; A. crenulata frequently accompanies A. muscaria var. guessowii; common under Norway Spruce (Picea abies) and pitch, white, and red pines (Pinus rigida, P. strobus, P. resinosa) in Sept. & Oct.; spores: [1558/78/68] (5.9-) 7.3 - 10.2 (-14.2) × (4.8-) 6.2 - 8.8 (-14.2) µm, (L = (7.5-) 7.9 - 9.6 (-10.4) µm; L’ = 8.7 µm; W = (6.3-) 6.8 - 8.0 (-8.8) µm; W’ = 7.5 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.05 - 1.34 (-1.71); Q = (1.08-) 1.10 - 1.25 (-1.36); Q’ = 1.17).)  [ image ]




  4. farinosa Schwein. AW CLA HO MS MW PR SP   Spores: [160/8/8] (6.0-) 6.5 - 8.8 (-10.5) × (5.2-) 5.5 - 7.0 (-9.0) µm, (L = (6.8-) 7.1 - 8.0 µm; L’ = 7.4 µm; W = 5.8 - 6.4 (-6.5) µm; W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.08 - 1.38 (-1.47); Q = 1.15 - 1.27 (-1.31); Q’ = 1.22).  [ image ]




  5. frostiana (Peck) Sacc. No vouchers known from New Jersey.  Spores [incorporating data taken on my collections by Zhu L. Yang]: [199/10/6] (7.5-) 8.5 - 10.5 (-12.5) × (7.5-) 7.8 - 9.8 (-11.3) µm, (L = (8.5-) 9.0 - 9.6 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = (8.1-) 8.5 - 9.2 µm; W’ = 8.7 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.12 (-1.17); Q = (1.04-) 1.05 - 1.08; Q’ = 1.06).)  [ image ]




  6. multisquamosa Peck OL PE  (≡A. pantherina var. multisquamosa (Peck) Dav. T. Jenkins =A. cothurnata G. F. Atk.)  Spores: [72/4/4] (6.6-) 7.0 - 11.2 (-15.0) × (5.2-) 5.6 - 8.4 (-8.7) µm, (L = 7.8 - 9.8 µm; L’ = 8.8 µm; W = 6.3 - 7.1 µm; W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.05-) 1.12 - 1.50 (-1.58); Q = 1.22 - 1.39; Q’ = 1.31).  [ image ]




  7. muscaria var. guessowii Veselý ALG CA CM GL JL JP LZ MN MR OC PP PR RO SF SO SR  Extremely common.  In recent American literature sometimes also called "var. formosa" in error.  In fact recent research shows that these yellow-capped muscariod mushrooms are color variants of A. amerimuscaria Tulloss & Geml nom. prov.  Spores: [120/6/6] (7.0-) 8.7 - 12.2 (-14.8) × (5.9-) 6.5 - 8.2 (-9.5) µm, (L = 9.2 - 11.4 µm; L’ = 10.5 µm; W = 7.1 - 7.8 µm; W’ = 7.5 µm; Q = (1.09-) 1.27 - 1.56 (-1.70); Q = 1.30 - 1.49; Q’ = 1.42).)  [ image ]




  8. parcivolvata (Peck) E.-J. Gilbert ALG CQ PR WES  Exannulate stipe.  Spores: [87/5/4] (8.4-) 9.1 - 11.5 (-12.6) × (5.6-) 6.3 - 7.9 (-8.0) µm, (L = 9.9 - 10.9 µm; L’ = 10.4 µm; W = 6.7 - 7.3 µm; W’ = 7.0 µm; Q = (1.26-) 1.31 - 1.64 (-1.67); Q = 1.38 - 1.55; Q’ = 1.48).  [ image ]




  9. persicina (Dav. T. Jenkins) Tulloss & Geml EO SF  Only known regional collections from are Long Island, NY, and northwestern NJ.  Spores: [202/10/7] (8.0-) 9.2 - 12.0 (-15.8) × (5.5-) 6.4 - 8.3 (-11.1) µm, (L = 9.8 - 11.1 (-11.4) µm; L’ = 10.6 µm; W = 6.8 - 7.6 (-7.8) µm; W’ = 7.3 µm; Q = (1.19-) 1.33 - 1.61 (-1.75); Q = 1.43 - 1.50 (-1.52); Q’ = 1.46).  [ image ]




  10. praecox Y. Lamoureux nom. prov. LAW PE PIK  (=species 32 [Tulloss]  Yellow with a disk that becomes fulvous or at least darker after collecting, white or pallid at margin, with universal veil absent or as white, cottony patch; stipe soon exannulate; basidia without basal clamps; nearly always associated with hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) or northern hardwoods; one of the first amanitas to appear in June; spores globose to subglobose, [286/14/13] (6.3-) 7.3 - 9.8 (-12.6) × (5.6-) 7.0 - 9.1 (-11.9) µm, (L = (7.6-) 7.9 - 9.3 µm; L’ = 8.6 µm; W = (7.1-) 7.3 - 8.4 µm; W’ = 7.9 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.17 (-1.42); Q = 1.05 - 1.10 (-1.11); Q’ = 1.08).  [ image ]




  11. roseitincta (Murrill) Murrill * BD  (=komarekensis Dav/ T. Jenkins & Vinopal.)  Relatively rare, only one site known from the region.  Volva appears to composed of two layers (pyramidal warts on a powdery base)—to be seen in the above images.  Bottom of partial veil is often pink at first.  All pigments fading rapidly in sunlight.  Spores: [336/10/7] (7.6-) 8.5 - 11.8 (-14.4) × (5.1-) 6.0 - 8.2 (-10.0) µm, (L = 9.2 - 10.9 µm; L' = 9.8 µm; W = 6.3 - 7.6 µm; W' = 7.0 µm; Q = (1.09-) 1.20 - 1.69 (-2.08); Q = 1.33 - 1.50; Q' = 1.42).)  [ image ]



  12. russuloides (Peck) Sacc. * GL  [probably not = A. gemmata (Fr.) Bertillon in DeChambre—a "species complex"]  Spores: [32/2/2] (8.0-) 8.2 - 10.5 (-10.8) × (6.0-) 6.2 - 7.8 µm, (L = 8.8 - 10.0 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 6.7 - 7.2 µm; W’ = 6.8; Q = (1.23-) 1.25 - 1.44 (-1.53); Q = 1.32 - 1.40; Q’ = 1.35).





  13. subvelatipes Tulloss, Haelewaters, Geml, & K. W. Hughes nom. prov.
    Spores:[35/2/2] (7.8-) 8.5 - 10.5 (-11.0) × (4.0-) 6.4 - 8.4 (-8.6) μm, (L = 9.0 - 9.4 μm; L' = 9.2 μm; W = 6.6 - 7.8 μm; W' = 7.2 μm; Q = (1.07-) 1.13 - 1.45 (-1.62); Q = 1.22 - 1.38; Q' = 1.29),   [image ]




  14. velatipes G. F. Atk. HU MW  (≡A. pantherina var. velatipes (G. F. Atk.) Dav. T. Jenkins.)  Spores: 7.9 - 13.2 × 6.3 - 7.9 µm; Q’ = 1.43.  [ image ]




  15. wellsii (Murrill) Murrill LL MR SUL  Uncommon to rare, only one collection known from NJ and one from eastern PA.  Pileus salmon to orange, fading with age, with universal veil present as a yellow powdery layer; stipe often yellow, bearing weakly structured median partial veil (often deciduous), universal veil never limbate.&nsp; Known from north of the tree line in eastern Canada with Alnus and in a variety of heaths with dwarf Betula, dwarf Salix, Empetrum, and/or Vaccinium; elsewhere, associates may include Vaccinium (in cultivated blueberry fields), Betula, Populus, and (?)conifers.  The central Appalachians is the known southern limit of this taxon's range.  Note the degree of fading due to exposure to sunlight in the pilei depicted above.  Spores: [395/19/14] (8.7-) 10.5 - 13.8 (-18.0) × (4.9-) 5.6 - 8.4 (-10.8) µm, (L = (10.6-) 11.5 - 13.0 (-13.2) µm; L’ = 12.0 µm; W = (5.3-) 6.7 - 7.6 (- 8.6) µm; W’ = 7.1 µm; Q = (1.39-) 1.50 - 1.94 (-2.62); Q = (1.52-) 1.62 - 1.76 (-1.92); Q’ = 1.69).)  [ image ]




  16. sp-34 AW PE RO SCH  I formerly believed this to represent A. nivalis Peck non Grev.  While I no longer feel this can be maintained, I still feel this entity should be distinguished from known species of both the gemmata and pantherina "groups"; small, slender, with cap mostly yellowish with more saturated color in the center, with delicate white partial veil and fragile white ocreate universal veil; spores: [60/3/3] (8.2-) 8.5 - 10.4 (-10.8) × (6.3-) 6.5 - 7.5 (-8.6) µm, (L = 9.0 - 9.7 µm; L’ = 9.4 µm; W = 6.9 - 7.0 µm; W’ = 7.0 µm; Q = (1.19-) 1.22 - 1.48 (-1.55); Q = 1.29 - 1.40; Q’ = 1.36).  Spores of nivalis Peck per D. T. Jenkins' type study: 7.0 - 9.4 × 6.3 - 7.9 µm; Q' = 1.20.)  [image ]



  17. sp-N08 ERI.  Known from a single collection.  Cap pale yellow (almost citrine) with short striate margin; universal veil as submembranous patches.  Spores: [40/1/1] (8.4-) 9.1 - 10.5 (-11.2) × (5.6-) 5.9 - 6.6 (-7.3) μm, (L = 9.7 μm; W = 6.3 μm; Q = (1.34-) 1.42 - 1.66 (-1.71); Q = 1.55).




  18. sp-S01 JL  (=species 37.  A pale yellow, tuberculate striate entity with ephemeral partial veil.  Before the bulb is unearthed, this taxon gives the strong impression of a member of section Vaginatae.  Spores: [100/5/5] (8.4-) 8.7 - 11.2 (-12.2) × (5.9-) 6.2 - 7.3 (-7.7) µm, (L = 9.3 - 10.7 µm; L’ = 9.9 µm; W = 6.5 - 6.8 µm; W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.27-) 1.34 - 1.66 (-2.0); Q = 1.42 - 1.60; Q’ = 1.48).  [ image ]



Section Caesareae

Stipe lacking a bulb at its base, having [at least initially] a membranous partial veil.  Having clamps at bases of basidia.

[ sectional links ]  [  top ] 

  1. Photograph by Walt Sturgeon
    Amanita banningiana Tulloss nom. prov. CAR HO LZ MW OL  (=species 16.)  Cap yellow-orange to yellow-bronze, brown umbo and may be quite yellow in expanding button, with yellow lamellae & stipe, annulate, with habit like that of a "small jacksonii".  Mary Banning, writing in 1888, apparently recognized this entity as an "occasional form" of A. caesarea: "Sometimes the pileus is ... burnt sienna color with yellowish margin.  It varies also in size."  Spores: [274/14/11] (7.5-) 8.4 - 11.9 (-15.0) × (5.2-) 5.9 - 7.8 (-9.8) µm, (L = 8.9 - 10.6 (-11.5) µm; L’ = 10.0 µm; W = 6.3 - 7.0 (-7.3) µm; W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.14-) 1.33 - 1.71 (-2.14); Q = 1.39 - 1.61 (-1.69); Q’ = 1.49). 
    [ image ]




  2. jacksonii Pomerl. (≡umbonata Pomerl. =caesarea sensu auct. amer.) CAR LZ  Occurs in NJ, but no vouchers available.  Spores: [317/15/11] (7.0-) 7.8 - 10.0 (-12.1) × (5.2-) 6.0 - 7.5 (-8.7) µm, (L = (8.1-) 8.4 - 9.5 µm; L’ = 8.8 µm; W = (6.0-) 6.3 - 7.3 µm; W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.20 - 1.52 (-1.63); Q = 1.25 - 1.40 (-1.42); Q’ = 1.32).  [ image ]



  3. murrilliana Singer AW   (=spreta sensu McIlvaine.  Spores: [204/9/7] (8.5-) 9.5 - 12.6 (-13.6) × (5.6-) 6.4 - 8.4 (-9.2) µm, (L = 10.4 - 11.8 µm; L’ = 11.2 µm; W = 6.6 - 7.9 µm; W’ = 7.4 µm; Q = (1.23-) 1.32 - 1.74 (-1.88); Q = 1.43 - 1.58; Q’ = 1.51).)  [ image ]




  4. pachysperma G. F. Atk. JP MQ  (=species 47 =species N21.)  A very small mushroom with small white volval sac, with annulus (often lost) on stipe, cap pale gray on margin, deep gray in disk, sometimes with small white membranous patch of volva, in pine-oak barrens.  Spores: [204/10/5] (9.5-) 10.5 - 16.2 (-20.0) × (6.0-) 7.5 - 10.5 (-12.5) µm, (L = (11.3-) 11.7 - 14.5 µm; L’ = 13.1 µm; W = (8.1-) 8.6 - 9.7 µm; W’ = 9.0 µm; Q = (1.12-) 1.26 - 1.75 (-2.10); Q = (1.30-) 1.31 - 1.64; Q’ = 1.48).  [ image ]




  5. spreta (Peck) Sacc. CS OL PR SR (See also A. murrilliana, above.  Uncommon.  Cap ranges from cream to brownish gray to grayish brown, often virgate.  Partial veil often gray, especially after some aging.  Universal veil at stipe base usually a rather short saccate volva.  Spores: [154/8/8] (7.7-) 9.4 - 13.1 (-15.5) × (5.2-) 5.9 - 7.8 (-9.0) µm, (L = 9.9 - 12.4 µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = 6.2 - 7.3 µm; W’ = 6.8 µm; Q = (1.40-) 1.49 - 1.89 (-2.11); Q = 1.60 - 1.81; Q’ = 1.67).  Spores (from the type per Jenkins): 10.2 - 13.3 × 5.5 - 7.0 µm; Q’ = 1.86.)  [ image ]




  6. virginiana (Murrill) Murrill BV LB LZ MW WX  (Spores: [960/48/19] (9.1-) 11.5 - 15.0 (-20.5) × (6.5-) 8.5 - 11.2 (-15.5) µm, (L = (11.7-) 12.3 - 14.0 (-14.1) µm; L’ = 13.2 µm; W = (9.1-) 9.2 - 10.5 (-10.9) µm; W’ = 9.9 µm; Q = (1.07-) 1.16 - 1.52 (-1.89); Q = (1.16-) 1.21 - 1.42 (-1.55); Q’ = 1.33).)  [ image ]




  7. sp-53 MU(brown pileus, neither umbonate nor depressed, sometimes with white patch; stipe annulate; lamellae orangish white; volva white, saccate; a "Slender Caesar."  Collected by Joel Horman at Muttontown Preserve, Oyster Bay, Long Island.  Spores [40/2/1] (10.5-) 10.8 - 12.5 (-14.0) × (7.4-) 7.5 - 8.7 (-11.0) µm, (L = 11.5 - 11.8 µm; L’ = 11.7 µm; W = 8.0 µm; W’ = 8.0 µm; Q = (1.31-) 1.35 - 1.56 (-1.67); Q = 1.45 - 1.47; Q’ = 1.46).)
    [ image ]



Section Vaginatae

Stipe lacking a bulb at its base, only very rarely having a submembranous partial veil.  Lacking clamps at the bases of basidia.

[ sectional links ]  [ top ] 




  1. fulva (Schaeff.) Fr. * HR JP MW PE PIK RO SF SR UNI  (=species N15.)  Spores: [160/8/8] (8.0-) 9.2 - 12.0 (-14.0) × (6.8-) 8.8 - 11.2 (-12.5) µm, (L = (10.0-) 10.5 - 11.2 µm; L’ = 10.6 µm; W = (9.2-) 9.8 - 10.2 µm; W’ = 9.9 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.14 (-1.22); Q = 1.06 - 1.09 (-1.10); Q’ = 1.08).)  [ image ]




  2. cattaraugana Tulloss nom. prov. HU ??.  ??.
    [ image ]




  3. cinderellae Tulloss nom. prov. WX  (=species N4)  Pale umbrinous gray, virgate pileus; partial veil white above, gray below, then entirely gray, becoming lacerate and disappearing; universal veil as lumpy, fragile, limbate volva breaking up into thick, rounded warts, white, then graying.  Spores: [60/3/3] (8.0-) 8.7 - 11.5 (-12.9) × (6.3-) 6.6 - 8.0 (-8.5) µm; L = 9.4 - 10.4 µm; L’ = 9.9 µm; W = 7.1 - 7.5 µm; W’ = 7.3 µm; Q = (1.22-) 1.25 - 1.50 (-1.58); Q = 1.33 - 1.39; Q’ = 1.36).  [ image ]




  4. cremeosorora Tulloss nom. prov. MW  (=species S3)  Rather small fruiting body with exannulate stipe and white cupulate volva.  Internal limb of volva & (sometimes) part of external limb separated from cupulate volva by strangulate zone.  Pileus is white to off-white to cream with marginal striae and bears small patches or warts of volva concolorous with those on the stipe base.  Spores: [20/1/1] (8.4-) 9.1 - 10.5 (-11.5) × (7.7-) 8.4 - 9.4 (-10.5) µm, (L = 9.8 µm; W = 9.1 µm; Q = 1.03 - 1.17; Q = 1.08).  [ image ]





  5. cyclops Tulloss, Kudzma & Wasilewski nom. prov. LZ  (=species N68)  macrodescription t.b.d.  Spores: t.b.d.  [ image ]




  6. dulciarii Tulloss nom. prov. FPP PP  (=species 49.)  Brown-orange to brown pileus, stipe at first with pale orange “powdered-sugar-frosting” which grays or browns with age and handling; universal veil of ceciliae type (but pale orangish at first, graying or browning with age); spores: [60/2/2] (8.5-) 9.0 - 12.2 (-15.5) × (8.0-) 8.5 - 11.0 (-12.5) µm; L = 9.8 - 10.7 µm; L’ = 10.1 µm; W = 9.0 - 9.8 µm; W’ = 9.3 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.05 - 1.14 (-1.27); Q = 1.08 - 1.09; Q’ = 1.09).)  [image ]




    elongatior Lamoureux nom. prov.
    Spores: [36/1/1] (9.2-) 9.6 - 11.0 (-11.3) × (8.2-) 8.5 - 10.0 (-10.4) μm, (L = 10.2 μm; W = 9.1; Q = (1.05-) 1.07 - 1.22 (-1.27); Q = 1.13)   [image ]





  7. fragilis Kudzma & Tulloss nom. prov.
    Spores:   [image ]





  8. fulva - North American Kudzma & Tulloss nom. prov.
    Spores:[55/3/3] (9.8-) 10.5 - 13.1 (-14.3) × (9.1-) 9.7 - 12.0 (-14.0) µm, (L = 11.0 - 12.0 µm; L’ = 11.6 µm; W = 10.3 - 11.1 µm; W’ = 10.8 µm; Q = (1.02-) 1.05 - 1.10 (-1.18); Q = 1.07 - 1.08; Q’ = 1.07)   [image ]




  9. glenosomma Tulloss, Kudzma & Wasilewski nom. prov. ??. Spores ??.  [ image ]




  10. goauldiorum Tulloss nom. prov. Orangish brown disc; area over long striations is sordid & tinted with disc color; striations tuberculate; lamellae with white flocculose edges; similar flocculence covers much of upper stipe. Collected by Renato DeBellonia in Essex Co. Spores [21/1/1] 10.0 - 13.4 (-14.2) × (5.4-) 6.4 - 8.9 (-9.1) µm, (L = 11.5 µm; W = 7.3 µm; Q = (1.34-) 1.40 - 1.86 (-2.07); Q = 1.59).  [ image ]





  11. jakeslandingensis Tulloss nom. prov.
    Spores: [20/1/1] 12.3 - 14.5 (-15.5) × (11.1-) 11.7 - 13.1 (-13.7) µm, (L = 13.4 µm; W = 12.3 µm; Q = 1.04 - 1.13 (-1.19); Q = 1.09)   [image ]





  12. justicei Tulloss & Kudzma nom. prov.
    Spores: [40/2/2] (7.6-) 9.6 - 11.4 (-12.3) × (7.0-) 8.6 - 10.3 (-11.0) μm, (L = 10.4 μm; L' = 10.4 μm; W = 9.3 - 9.5 μm; W' = 9.4 μm; Q = (1.03-)1.05 - 1.16 (-1.23); Q = 1.09 - 1.11; Q' = 1.10)   [image ]




  13. longicuneus Tulloss nom. prov. HO PP RO SR (=species 28)  Small, brownish-gray-capped, with large flaring volval sac & unusually tall limbus internus.  Also known from SW Connecticut.  Spores: [113/6/6] (8.7-) 9.6 - 12.5 (-14.5) × (8.2-) 9.0 - 11.5 (-14.0) µm, (L = 10.6 - 11.8 µm; L’ = 11.1 µm; W = 9.7 - 10.8 µm; W’ = 10.3 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.05 - 1.15 (-1.18); Q = 1.07 - 1.11; Q’ = 1.08).  [ image ]




  14. luzernensis Tulloss, Kudzma & Wasilewski nom. prov. LZ  ??.  Spores ??.  [ image ]





  15. pakimpondensis Tulloss & Kudzma nom. prov.
    Spores:[40/1/1] (8.0-) 8.8 - 10.5 (-14.5) × (7.5-) 8.3 - 10.0 (-14.4) μm, (L = 9.6 μm; W = 9.0 μm; Q = (1.02-) 1.03 - 1.10 (-1.35); Q = 1.06)   [image ]





  16. penetrans Tulloss & Kudzma nom. prov.
    Spores:[40/1/1] (8.0-) 8.8 - 10.5 (-14.5) × (7.5-) 8.3 - 10.0 (-14.4) μm, (L = 9.6 μm; W = 9.0 μm; Q = (1.02-) 1.03 - 1.10 (-1.35); Q = 1.06)   [image ]





  17. Amanita penetratrix Tulloss nom. prov. COL.  Having the stem deeply inserted in the substrate to half or more of its length, a pronounced and hard umbo on the center of the cap pigmented in shades of white to gray to brown.  Spores: [60/3/3] (8.8-) 9.1 - 12.2 (-14.5) × (7.4-) 8.2 - 11.0 (-13.6) μm, (L = 10.2 - 11.2 μm; L' = 10.6 μm; W = 9.0 - 10.1 μm; W' = 9.5 μm; Q = (1.04-) 1.05 - 1.25 (-1.34); Q = 1.09 - 1.16; Q' = 1.12).  [ image ]


  18. populiphila NOR.  Associated with Populus.  A whitish species with a fragile, submembranous universal veil.  The mushroom is liable to orangish staining.  Spores: [1200/61/24] (7.0-) 9.2 - 12.5 (-21) × (6.0-) 8.5 - 11.5 (-15.8) µm, (L = (10.0-) 10.1 - 11.9 (-12.3) µm; L’ = 10.9 µm; W = (8.9-) 9.1 - 10.7 (-11.1) µm; W’ = 9.9 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.04 - 1.20 (-1.61); Q = (1.06-) 1.08 - 1.15 (-1.19); Q’ = 1.11).  [ image ]




  19. rasitabula Tulloss nom. prov.  PE RO WA  Amanita vaginata var. alba is a European taxon.  The eastern North American entity appears to have a universal veil with a considerably weaker structure and, possibly, smaller spores.  Spores (from A. rasitabula): [47/3/3] (8.8-) 9.0 - 11.0 (-13.0) × (7.5-) 8.0 - 10.0 (-10.3) µm, (L = 9.6 - 10.4 µm; L' = 9.9 µm; W = 8.6 - 9.2 µm; W' = 8.9 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.05 - 1.22 (-1.27); Q = 1.10 - 1.12; Q' = 1.11).  Spores (from European specimens of A. vaginata var. alba): [100/4/4] (8.6-) 9.8 - 12.8 (-17.0) × (7.0-) 8.5 - 12.0 (-13.5) µm, (L = 10.8 - 11.9 µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = 9.5 - 11.0 µm; W’ = 10.3 µm; Q = (1.02-) 1.04 - 1.22 (-1.82); Q = 1.08 - 1.14; Q’ = 1.11).  [ image ]




  20. rhacopus Lamoureux ex Lamoureux in Lambert et al. CAR LZ MCK PE RO SR  The stipe is exannulate with a "snakeskin" pattern of brownish gray fibrillose scales on a pallid ground color.  Near the base is a strangulate zone with graying whole or partial ring(s) above and/or below it.  The volval remnants at the stipe base are cupulate.  DNA sequencing presently critical to ID.  The cap may be gray brown or browner, often darkest over disc; however, the color is variable and cap color cannot distinguish this species form texasorora (below).  The volval remnants on the cap are white at first but quickly become friable and dark gray.  Spores: [80/4/4] (7.7-) 9.4 - 12.0 (-14.2) × (7.0-) 8.8 - 11.2 (-13.5) µm, (L = 10.0 - 11.0 µm; L’ = 10.5 µm; W = 9.3 - 10.5 µm; W’ = 10.0 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.11 (-1.12); Q = 1.04 - 1.07; Q’ = 1.06).  The range of this taxon probably extends into southern Canada.  [ image ]




  21. rooseveltensis ES LB LZ MR PR RO SP SR WX (NB: RET now considers the entity I formerly denoted by "species 1" as being identical with species 17; but still, I wonder if there isn't more than one species here—something beyond rooseveltensis.)  Gray-brown to gray "vaginata-like," volval sac quite distinct from stipe trama, gills narrow, pileipellis sometimes drying color of cast iron; spores: [315/16/14] (6.6-) 8.4 - 12.2 (-16.8) × (5.2-) 6.3 - 8.4 (-11.9) µm, (L = 9.2 - 10.8 (-10.9) µm; L’ = 10.1 µm; W = 7.1 - 7.8 (-8.0) µm; W’ = 7.5 µm; Q = (1.05-) 1.17 - 1.55 (-1.80); Q = (1.21-) 1.27 - 1.44; Q’ = 1.35).  [ image ]



  22. salmonriverensis Tulloss & Kudzma nom. prov.
    Spores:[60/2/2] (10.3-) 11.1 - 12.9 (-14.5) × (9.6-) 10.0 - 12.0 (-13.0) μm, (L = 11.8 - 12.3 μm; L' = 12.2 μm; W = 10.8 - 11.3 μm; L' = 11.2 μm; Q = (1.03-) 1.04 - 1.15 (-1.18); Q = 1.08 - 1.10; Q' = 1.09)   [image ]




  23. sinicoflava Tulloss PE RO SF SR SX  (=species 2.)  Rather common, but often not correctly identified.  Note that the saccate volva weakens and darkens with age from the top down.  Spores: [645/33/25] (8.0-) 9.1 - 12.1 (-15.4) × (7.0-) 8.4 - 11.5 (-15.4) µm, (L = (9.5-) 9.8 - 11.4 (-11.7) µm; L’ = 10.6 µm; W = (8.7-) 9.0 - 10.6 (-10.8) µm; W’ = 10.0 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.14 (-1.26); Q = 1.04 - 1.09 (-1.10); Q’ = 1.06).)  [ image ]




  24. texasorora Tulloss et al. nom. prov. SR  Rather common, but often not correctly identified.  DNA sequencing presently critical to ID.  Note that the saccate volva weakens and darkens with age from the top down.  Spores: [40/2/2] (9.8-) 10.0 - 12.0 (-13.1) × (9.1-) 9.5 - 11.5 (-12.9) µm, (L = 11.2 - 11.3 µm; L' = 11.0 µm; W = 10.2 - 10.7 µm; W' = 10.4 µm; Q = 1.02 - 1.09 (-1.10); Q = 1.04 - 1.07; Q' = 1.05).  [ image ]



  25. vaginata sensu lato auct. amer. AW WX  Amanita vaginata is a European species that is interpreted differently from author to author.) The spores should be globose.




  26. vulpecula Tulloss & Kudzma nom. prov.
    Spores:[60/3/2] (10.6-) 10.8 - 14.7 (-15.5) × (7.2-) 7.7 - 9.0 (-11.5) μm, (L = 11.6 - 12.8 μm; L' = 12.3 μm; W = 8.3 - 8.4 μm; W'= 8.3 μm; Q = (1.18-) 1.29 - 1.74 (-1.84); Q = 1.38 - 1.55; Q'= 1.48)   [image ]




  27. williamsiae * BD PW  (=williamsiae Tulloss nom. prov., medium to large, pale yellow cap with brownish umbo in age, long saccate white volva.  In the early 20th Cent., Mrs. E. M. Williams recognized a "yellowish form" of "vaginata" around Washington, D. C. from which area the late Dr. K. H. McKnight collected this entity.  Mrs. Vera McKnight has shown me an excellent watercolor she painted of this presumed taxon.  Spores: [20/1/1] 11.9 - 15.0 (-15.7) × (9.5-) 10.1 - 12.6 (-14.0) µm, (L = 13.4 µm; W = 11.4 µm; Q = 1.06 - 1.28; = 1.18).)  image ]




  28. xanthomitra Tulloss nom. prov. ADA CLA SR  At first, yellowish olive over much of pileus surrounded by a yellow zone and with a white marginal zone; with the colored zones moving toward the pileus margin, and then disappearing; finally, appearing like a brownish olive "ceciliae" with dark gray, at times nearly black, volval warts crowded over the disc; of the volva at the stipe base, only the limbus internus is easily seen; as time passes this material remains only as a black wavy line about 1 - 2 cm from the very base of the stipe.  Spores: [60/3/1] (7.7-) 8.4 - 13.3 (-13.6) × (7.3-) 8.0 - 13.3 µm, (L = 9.5 - 11.0 µm; L’ = 10.1 µm; W = 9.1 - 10.6 µm; W’ = 9.7 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.08 (-1.09); Q = 1.03 - 1.04; Q’ = 1.04).  [ image ]




  29. sp-21 MW  Large fruiting body; with thick, white, buried volva; form & color (pale olive with cream zone to deeper brown disk with tan margin from same site) slightly reminiscent of color pattern in European umbrinolutea, but spores too small (see (Moser, 1983) and (E. J. Gilbert, 1940 & 1941)); zonate pileus not a constant feature; lamellae dry from a sordid yellowish cream to a lovely pale orange [need to check this range again]; spores: [40/2/2] 8.0 - 10.1 × 7.7 - 9.8 µm, (L = 9.1 - 9.3 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 8.7 - 9.0 µm; W’ = 8.9 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.08 (-1.11); Q = 1.03 - 1.04; Q’ = 1.04).  [ image ]




  30. sp-22 Red-brown pileus showing zonation; red-brown, adder-patterned stipe; large basidiocarp; spores too small for A. umbrinolutea; spores: [20/1/1] (8.4-) 9.1 - 9.8 (-11.9) × 7.7 - 9.1 (-9.8) µm, (L = 9.5 µm; W = 8.4 µm; Q = (1.04-) 1.09 - 1.21 (-1.24); Q = 1.13).  [ image ]



  31. sp-26 * GL  Small, somewhat ceciliae-like species, with more hyphae in universal veil than ceciliae and with much smaller spores, brown pileus; spores: [20/1/1] (7.0-) 8.4 - 9.8 (-10.5) × 7.0 - 9.1 (-10.5) µm, (L = 8.8 µm; W = 8.4 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.13 (-1.18); Q = 1.05).)




  32. sp-31 Bronze-yellow, with thin and flimsy universal veil sometimes left in graying patches on disk; spores: [25/1/1] 9.4 - 11.9 (-13.3) × (7.7-) 8.4 - 9.4 (-11.2) µm, (Q = 1.20).  [ image ]




  33. oldwickensis OL  (=oldwickensis Tulloss nom. prov.)  Irregular pileus zonation, deep umber, sepia, ochraceous-umber to paler pileus, sometimes with hint of olivaceous; disk can be darker or lighter than surrounding color; large; stipe with dark fibrils on cream surface; perhaps close to species 22, above (but separated by spore size and pileus pigmentation); stipe base rather squared off inside saccate volva; spores: [80/4/3] (10.5-) 10.8 - 13.5 (-16.0) × (8.8-) 9.8 - 12.2 (-14.2) µm, (L = 10.2 - 12.5 µm; L’ = 12.0 µm; W = 10.2 - 11.6 µm; W’ = 11.0 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.04 - 1.16 (-1.17); Q = 1.08 - 1.11; Q’ = 1.09).  [ image ]




  34. sp-44 Brown "vaginata-like."  Spores: [20/1/1] (8.4-) 9.1 - 11.2 (-14.3) × (8.4-) 9.1 - 10.8 (-13.3) µm, (L = 10.4 µm; W = 9.9 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.10 (-1.14); Q = 1.04).  [ image ]



  35. sp-45 RO  Pale brown pileus, tuberculate striate margin, volva can be left as calyptra on pileus.  Spores: [20/1/1] (8.8-) 9.5 - 12.5 (-15.0) × (8.5-) 9.2 - 11.2 (-14.0) µm, (L = 11.0 µm; W = 10.4 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.13; Q = 1.06).



  36. sp-46 RO  Large mushroom; disk dark umbrinous, else pileus virgate; brown stipe fibrils.  Spores: [20/1/1] 9.0 - 10.8 × 8.5 - 9.8 (-10.5) µm, (L = 9.9 µm; W = 9.3 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.11 (-1.19); Q = 1.07).



  37. sp-48 Small mushroom with brown to very dark brown pileus, having pallid and graying patches of friable universal veil on it; stipe exannulate; spores: [40/2/2] (9.0-) 10.2 - 13.1 (-14.4) × (8.0-) 9.5 - 12.0 (-13.0) µm, (L = 11.2 - 11.8 µm; L’ = 11.5 µm; W = 10.4 - 10.9 µm; W’ = 10.6 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.04 - 1.14 (-1.16); Q = 1.08 - 1.09; Q’ = 1.09).



  38. ?sp-51? Pale umbrinous gray, subvirgate (10× lens) pileus; exannulate; volva white, saccate, with uneven lobes. Spores: [20/1/1] [measured from fresh gill] ? × ? µm, (L = ?; W = ?; Q = ; Q = ).




  39. sp-56 BB JL  This is a species of the "rhacopus-texasorora group" that has been segregated by molecular study.  Spores: [40/1/1] (8.0-) 8.8 - 10.5 (-14.5) × (7.5-) 8.3 - 10.0 (-14.4) μm, (L = 9.6 μm; W = 9.0 μm; Q = (1.02-) 1.03 - 1.10 (-1.35); Q = 1.06).  [ image ]




  40. sp-58 ALG WX  Cap gray-brown in two of three to four zones, paler (ca. 10YR 6/4) in remaining zone(s).  Spores: ??.  [ image ]




  41. sp-59 LZ  ??.  Spores: ??.  [ image ]




  42. sp-60 FPP  Cap Pale tannish cream with a deeper tan, pronounced ubmo.  Spores: [30/1/1] (10.0-) 11.2 - 14.0 (-15.0) × (8.5-) 9.1 - 11.2 (-12.5) μm, (L = 12.8 μm; W = 10.4 μm; Q = (1.08-) 1.12 - 1.35 (-1.39); Q = 1.23).  [ image ]




  43. sp-GSM05 LZ  ??.  Spores: ??;  [ image ]




  44. sp-GSM07 PP  The pileus is zonate, with disc and area over marginal striations dark brown to fuligineous at maturity and with a brown intermediate zone.  The region of the marginal striations may be quite pallid at first.  The stipe is exannulate, often bearing dark fibrils and may turn entirely gray in age.  The volva is saccate with a limbus internus placed well above the sac's point of attachment to the stipe.  The height of the limbus internus is about 20% - 25% of the distance from its point of connection to the volval limb to the highest point of the sac.  Spores: [20/1/1] 12.3 - 14.5 (-15.5) × (11.1-) 11.7 - 13.1 (-13.7) µm, (L = 13.4 µm; L’ = 13.4 µm; W = 12.3 µm; W’ = 12.3 µm; Q = 1.04 - 1.13 (-1.19); Q = 1.09; Q’ = 1.09).  [ image ]




  45. sp-N09 LB  Very small to small species of New England hemlock-hardwood forests (at least in New Jersey and New York); brown cap spotted with pale yellowish or cream areas [only sometimes including disc as seen in photo by Richard Balsley, above].  Stipe can be off-white to pale brown or pale gray.  The volval sac is off-white to buff and robust, infrequently leaving a patch on the cap.  Spores: [83/4/4] (8.0-) 9.4 - 14.7 (-17.1) × (7.0-) 9.1 - 13.3 (-16.8) µm; L = 10.8 - 12.2 µm; L' = 11.5 µm; W = 10.0 - 11.4 µm; W' = 10.7 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.14 (-1.20); Q = 1.06 - 1.08; Q' = 1.07).  [ image ]




  46. sp-N30 Pale brownish gray with paler ring between inner ends of striae and disk; stipe chalky white, exannulate; with submembranous, cracking, torn, white volval sac; spores: [80/3/3] (7.2-) 8.5 - 11.2 (-12.2) × (6.0-) 7.5 - 10.0 (-11.2) µm, (L = 9.6 - 10.3 µm; L’ = 9.9 µm; W = 8.5 - 9.0 µm; W’ = 8.7 µm; Q = (1.02-) 1.07 - 1.22 (-1.26); Q = 1.13 - 1.14; Q’ = 1.14).)  [ image ]




  47. sp-N51 CLA.  ??.  Spores: [90/2/2] (8.5-) 9.7 - 12.5 (-14.3) × (7.0-) 7.5 - 9.5 (-11.0) μm, (L = 10.6 - 11.3 μm; L' = 11.0 μm; W = 8.7 - 8.8 μm; W' = 8.7 μm; Q = (1.09-) 1.13 - 1.44 (-1.55); Q = 1.21 - 1.31; Q' = 1.26).  [ image ]




  48. sp-N52 CLA.  ??.  Spores: [40/1/1] (8.0-) 8.2 - 10.6 (-14.0) × (6.5-) 7.1 - 9.5 (-10.8) μm, (L = 9.3 μm; W = 7.7 μm; Q = (1.10-) 1.13 - 1.33 (-1.39); Q = 1.21).  [ image ]




  49. sp-N58 Tulloss & Rodríquez-Caycedo cryptonom. temp.
    Spores:[70/3/1] (8.5-) 9.0 - 12.2 (-15.0) × (5.5-) 5.9 - 7.2 (-8.8) μm, (L = 9.9 - 11.0 μm; L' = 10.5 μm; W = 6.2 - 6.9 μm; W' = 6.6 μm; Q = (1.32-) 1.43 - 1.77 (-1.88)   [image ]




  50. sp-N65 Cap brown over disc, otherwise tan to pinkish tan, distinctly to indistinctly virgate.  Spores: ??.  image ]



Subgenus Lepidella
Spores amyloid.

Section Amidella

Margin appendiculate—at least at first.  Volva as a multilayered, thick-limbed, sac on a bulbless stipe base.  Many taxa in this section have the unusual combination of amyloid spores with a striate cap margin and truncate lamellae.  Species in this section often require microscopic examination for certain identification.  A frequent exception is species 50.  [RET has personal correct field ID rate of around 75%—inadequate.]  Many species in this section will stain pinkish (sometimes very briefly) if collected in moist weather or otherwise in very fresh condition.  Toxicity of North American taxa of sect. Amidella is unknown.)

[ sectional links ]  [ top ] 

  1. canadensis Tulloss nom. prov. JP  (=species N39)  Known only from eastern Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Québec, and North Carolina; differing from A. peckiana by deep, cellular subhymenial tree; spores: [230/7/6] (8.1-) 9.9 - 16.2 (-21.0) × (3.8-) 4.0 - 6.2 (-7.8) µm, (L = 11.1 - 15.2 µm; L’ = 13.0 µm; W = 4.2 - 5.9 µm; W’ = 5.2 µm; Q = (1.64-) 2.0 - 3.04 (-3.33); Q = 2.30 - 2.88; Q’ = 2.49).




  2. dolichopus Tulloss nom. prov. ADA AW BB BER CLE FRA HO HU OL  (=Amanitopsis volvata var. elongata Peck.)  Common.  Spores: [978/47/32] (7.0-) 8.8 - 12.5 (-24.0) × (4.0-) 4.9 - 6.2 (-10.0) µm, (L = (8.9-) 9.4 - 11.5 (-13.5) µm; L’ = 10.5 µm; W = (4.8-) 5.2 - 5.8 (-5.9) µm; W’ = 5.5 µm; Q = (1.36-) 1.59 - 2.30 (-3.33); Q = (1.64-) 1.70 - 2.12 (-2.26); Q’ = 1.91).  [ image ]




  3. neocaesariensis Tulloss, I. Safonov & K. W. Hughes nom. prov.
    Spores:[60/3/3] (10.4-) 12.1 - 14.3 (-15.3) × (3.5-) 4.0 - 5.0 (-5.3) μm, (L = 12.7 - 13.4 μm; L' = 13.0 μm; W = 4.1 - 4.7 μm; W'= 4.4 μm; Q = (1.96-) 2.65 - 3.45 (-3.71); Q = 2.76 - 3.14: Q'= 2.98)   [image ]



  4. peckiana JP RP  Kauffman in Peck (?=Amanita cylindrisporiformis (Murrill) Murrill ?=A. margarita (Murrill) Murrill.)  Uncommon.  Spores: [1995/96/77] (7.1-) 9.7 - 15.0 (-26.6) × (3.4-) 4.2 - 6.8 (-9.2) µm, (L = (9.4-) 10.3 - 14.3 (-15.0) µm; L’ = 12.4 µm; W = (4.2-) 4.4 - 6.4 (-6.7) µm; W’ = 5.4 µm; Q = (1.33-) 1.73 - 3.05 (-4.51); Q = (1.73-) 1.86 - 2.93 (-3.08); Q’ = 2.29).




  5. pseudovolvata BER LZ FPP  (=species 41)  Common.  spores: [1337/66/55] (5.0-) 8.0 - 11.0 (-13.5) × (3.8-) 4.5 - 6.0 (-7.8) µm, (L = (7.6-) 8.5 - 10.6 (-11.0) µm; L’ = 9.6 µm; W = (4.5-) 4.8 - 5.9 (-6.5) µm; W’ = 5.2 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.52 - 2.16 (-2.76); Q = (1.42-) 1.64 - 2.04 (-2.14); Q’ = 1.85).  [ image ]




  6. volvata (Peck) Lloyd * CAR HI  Uncommon, but locally plentiful.  Larger than A. dolichopus and A. pseudovolvata and with much denser layer of flocculence at the top of the stipe.  Spores: [1223/61/45] (5.8-) 8.4 - 12.3 (-14.2) × (4.5-) 5.2 - 7.2 (-9.0) µm, (L = (8.6-) 9.0 - 11.8 (-12.4) µm; L’ = 10.3 µm; W = (5.1-) 5.5 - 6.8 (-7.6) µm; W’ = 6.2 µm; Q = (1.16-) 1.35 - 1.94 (-2.45); Q = (1.39-) 1.48 - 1.93 (-2.02); Q’ = 1.65).  [ image ]




  7. whetstoneae Tulloss nom. prov. ADA CAR FRA LZ MON RO  (=species 50)  Uncommon, but locally plentiful.  Largest species in the group in N. America (although all the "large" taxa can have smaller fruiting bodies); long, tubular volval sac; brick-red staining in age not prominent; pileus tends to become tannish with age (only known taxon among N. American Amidella species to do so.  Spores: [1070/52/43] (7.0-) 8.8 - 12.0 (-14.1) × (4.2-) 4.8 - 6.5 (-8.2) µm, (L = (8.4-) 9.0 - 11.2 (-11.6) µm; L’ = 10.3 µm; W = (4.7-) 5.0 - 6.1 (-6.8) µm; W’ = 5.5 µm; Q = (1.28-) 1.54 - 2.19 (-2.69); Q = (1.61-) 1.66 - 2.04 (-2.13); Q’ = 1.87).  [ image ]



Section Lepidella

Cap margin appendiculate -- at least when young.  Stipe often, but not always, bearing a bulb.  Volva rarely limbate, never as a thick-limbed, multilayered sac on a bulbless stipe base.  A number of species in this section have been found to contain a non-protein amino acid that is a severe threat to the human kidney and liver.

[ sectional links ]  [  top ] 

  1.  
    abrupta Peck * AT CLA HU JP MQ R0 SR  Common.  Spores: [97/4/4] (6.1-) 7.2 - 9.0 (-10.7) × (4.8-) 5.9 - 7.5 (-9.2) µm, (L = 7.9 - 8.5 µm; L’ = 8.1 µm; W = 6.1 - 6.8 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.07-) 1.10 - 1.40 (-1.61); Q = 1.17 - 1.32; Q’ = 1.23).  [ image ]




  2. atkinsoniana Coker BP? HR  Uncommon.  Spores: [50/2/2] (8.0-) 8.7 - 10.5 (-13.0) × 5.9 - 7.7 (-8.5) µm, (L = 9.3 - 9.7 µm; L’ = 9.5 µm; W = 6.6 - 6.9 µm; W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.18-) 1.25 - 1.64 (-1.67); Q = 1.41; Q’ = 1.41).  [ image ]





  3. canescens Dav. T. Jenkins JP MN MQ? RP SR?  (=species 6)  Locally common.  A robust species with weakly attached partial veil and golden orange to pale salmon to orangish white fibrils on the stipe (especially after handling).  Spores: [125/6/5] (6.5-) 7.5 - 10.8 (-12.0) × (4.5-) 4.8 - 6.0 (-6.8) µm, (L = 8.3 - 9.5 µm; L’ = 8.9 µm; W = 5.0 - 5.7 µm; W’ = 5.3 µm; Q = (1.35-) 1.46 - 1.94 (-2.16); Q = 1.60 - 1.75; Q’ = 1.67).  [ image ]




  4. chlorinosma (Peck in Austin) Lloyd EO MN?  Uncommon.  Known outside NJ in the region of study from a single Long Island collection.  Spores: [85/4/4] (7.5-) 8.0 - 11.0 (-12.2) × (4.5-) 4.7 - 6.5 (-7.5) µm, (L = 8.5 - 10.2 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 5.1 - 6.1 µm; W’ = 5.5 µm; Q = (1.37-) 1.45 - 2.02 (-2.35); Q = 1.52 - 1.81; Q’ = 1.69).)  [ image ]




  5. cinereopannosa Bas CLA  Uncommon.  The gray warts on an expanding cap suggest mudpies made by tiny creatures even the fingerprints seem to be visible.  Fresh material often has the odor of biscuit dough.  Spores: [150/6/6] (8.0-) 8.8 - 12.0 (-14.1) × (4.9-) 5.2 - 7.0 (-8.3) µm, (L = 9.5 - 10.9 µm; L’ = 10.2 µm; W = 5.6 - 6.1 µm; W’ = 6.0 µm; Q = (1.30-) 1.50 - 2.0 (-2.40); Q = 1.63 - 1.82; Q’ = 1.72).)  [ image ]




  6. cokeri (E.-J. Gilbert & Kühner) E.-J. Gilbert JP MF RO (Spores: [95/5/4] (9.2-) 10.8 - 13.2 (-15.0) × (5.5-) 6.5 - 8.7 (-9.5) µm, (L = 11.4 - 12.7 µm; L’ = 11.9 µm; W = (6.9-) 7.8 - 8.1 µm; W’ = 7.8 µm; Q = (1.27-) 1.35 - 1.79 (-2.0); Q = 1.44 - 1.56 (-1.74); Q’ = 1.53).  [ image ]




  7. cylindrispora Beardslee * HP JP UL  (=species 7.)  Uncommon.  Spores: [530/24/19] (7.8-) 11.5 - 15.8 (-24.5) × (3.2-) 3.8 - 5.0 (-6.2) µm, (L = (11.7-) 11.9 - 14.4 (-15.3) µm; L’ = 13.3 µm; W = 4.0 - 4.8 (-4.9) µm; W’ = 4.3 µm; Q = (1.94-) 2.40 - 3.81 (-5.10); Q = (2.44-) 2.55 - 3.55 (-3.60); Q’ = 3.11).)  [ image ]




  8. daucipes (Mont.) Lloyd * ADA AW BT FRA FUL LB NOR PR SO YC  Uncommon (?), but locally plentiful.  Universal veil turns pink to salmon.  Often, a felted or subfelted piece of the universal veil's limbus internus is present at the base of the stipe, above the bulb.  Spores: [100/5/5] (8.0-) 9.1 - 11.5 (-13.8) × (5.3-) 5.5 - 7.2 (-9.9) µm, (L = 9.8 - 10.8 µm; L’ = 10.2 µm; W = 6.0 - 6.5 µm; W’ = 6.2 µm; Q = (1.22-) 1.48 - 1.82 (-1.93); Q = 1.57 - 1.68; Q’ = 1.64).  [ image ]




  9. limbatula Bas LZ SK  Rare.  Known from type locality on Long Island, NY.  Spores: [51/2/2] (7.3-) 8.0 - 12.2 × 4.5 - 7.0 µm, (L = 10.1 - 10.2 µm; L’ = 10.2 µm; W = W’ = 5.5 µm; Q = (1.44-) 1.54 - 2.29 (-2.35); Q = 1.82 - 1.87; Q’ = 1.85).




  10. longipes Bas ex Tulloss & Dav. T. Jenkins * AW BB HP HU JP OC PP RO SK SR WA  Common in the coastal plain.  Spores: [820/41/41] (7.2-) 9.8 - 14.0 (-21) × (3.9-) 4.6 - 6.3 (-9.8) µm, (L = (10.3-) 10.4 - 12.7 (-13.6) µm; L’ = 11.8 µm; W = (4.5-) 4.8 - 5.9 (-6.3) µm; W’ = 5.4 µm; Q = (1.50-) 1.75 - 2.63 (-3.50); Q = (1.85-) 1.94 - 2.48 (-2.51); Q’ = 2.20).)  [ image ]




  11. magniradix Tulloss nom. prov. ALG HR MON MW SP  (=species 9)  Uncommon.  Picture on the left is typical (root so long that the collector fails to get it all).  Picture in center is atypical (root has clear terminus).  Sometimes with yellowing partial veil flocculence, with pileipellis extending several mm (sterile margin) beyond the end of the lamellae; deeply rooting, pointed browning warts on pileus.  Spores: [250/12/12] (6.5-) 8.4 - 11.7 (-14.7) × (4.3-) 4.5 - 6.3 (-7.8) µm, (L = (8.7-) 9.1 - 11.0 µm; L’ = 10.1 µm; W = 4.9 - 6.1 (-6.2) µm; W’ = 5.4 µm; Q = (1.43-) 1.57 - 2.18 (-2.89); Q = 1.69 - 1.97 (-2.17); Q’ = 1.86).  [ image ]




  12. microlepis Bas PR  Rare, known from a single site in the region.  Gills are cafe-au-lait.  Spores: [55/3/3] (8.2-) 8.4 - 10.8 × (5.6-) 5.9 - 7.3 (-8.0) µm, (L = 9.3 - 9.9 µm; L’ = 9.5 µm; W = 6.2 - 7.0 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.22-) 1.27 - 1.60 (-1.86); Q = 1.36 - 1.51; Q’ = 1.45.  [ image ]




  13. mutabilis Beardslee * FPP JP OC  Uncommon.  Apparently restricted to the coastal plain.  First known site (in Lakehurst) has been destroyed by development.  Odor of anise, raspberry-sherbert staining reaction when cut or broken.  Spores: [195/9/8] (8.7-) 10.0 - 14.6 (-18.9) × (5.0-) 6.0 - 8.0 (-12.6) µm, (L = 11.0 - 12.6 (-13.8) µm; L’ = 12.0 µm; W = 6.6 - 7.6 (-8.3) µm; W’ = 7.1 µm; Q = (1.30-) 1.50 - 1.90 (-2.10); Q = (1.60-) 1.65 - 1.78; Q’ = 1.70).)  image ]




  14. onusta (Howe) Sacc. * AW CQ JP HI LZ MO MR MW WO WX  Common.  Locally plentiful.  Spores: [215/12/12] (7.0-) 8.0 - 11.0 (-13.0) × (5.0-) 5.5 - 7.0 (-8.3) µm, (L = 8.3 - 10.5 (-11.0) µm; L’ = 9.4 µm; W = 5.7 - 6.5 (-7.1) µm; W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.14-) 1.28 - 1.85 (-2.21); Q = 1.35 - 1.65 (-1.84); Q’ = 1.52).  [ image ]



  15. parva (Murrill) Murrill JP  (=species 3.)  Rare, known from a single site in the region (in sandy, pine-oak barrens).  Very small species with powdery white cap when freshly expanded, with small, upstanding, weakly submembranous ridge (often partial) around top of bulb a small distance from the stipe base.  Spores: [75/4/2] (9.2-) 11.2 - 14.0 (-17.1) × (4.7-) 4.9 - 6.0 (-8.6) µm, (L = 12.1 - 12.7 µm; L' = 12.5 µm; W = 5.3 - 5.5 µm; W' = 5.4 µm; Q = (1.44-) 2.09 - 2.60 (-2.76); Q = 2.25 - 2.39; Q' = 2.32).)




  16. polypyramis (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. WA  Rare in the region; known only from a single site.  Pileus can be the size of a dinner plate -- a very large fruiting body.  Spores: [285/13/11] (7.0-) 9.1 - 13.0 (-17.5) × (5.2-) 5.9 - 7.7 (-9.5) µm, (L = (9.0-) 10.0 - 12.1 µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = 6.5 - 7.2 (-7.4) µm; W’ = 6.8 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.38 - 1.93 (-2.02); Q = (1.35-) 1.50 - 1.81; Q’ = 1.67).  [ image ]




  17. ravenelii (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. HO MR  Uncommon.  The range of this species lies predominantly in the southeastern US.  Warts like hills with radial erosion on sides rest on a fibrous bottom layer of volva (definitive field character); bulb from top-shaped to irregular.  Spores: [285/13/11] (7.0-) 8.0 - 11.9 (14.0) × (4.6-) 5.2 - 7.7 (-8.5) µm, (L = (8.3-) 8.5 - 11.1 µm; L’ = 9.7; W = 5.6 - 7.0 (-7.4) µm; W’ = 6.3 µm; Q = (1.23-) 1.33 - 1.81 (-2.50); Q = 1.46 - 1.64 (-1.81); Q’ = 1.54).)  [ image ]




  18. rhopalopus Bas BUC HR YOR Uncommon to rare.  Bulb is rooting, but with a distinct and rather abrupt terminus.  Spores: [110/5/5] (7.3-) 8.0 - 10.9 (-12.5) × (4.8-) 5.4 - 6.8 (-8.1) µm, (L = 8.6 - 10.0 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 5.9 - 6.4 µm; W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.19-) 1.32 - 1.745 (-1.88); Q = 1.46 - 1.61; Q’ = 1.52).)  [ image ]




  19. scalaris Tulloss nom. prov. * JP OC  (=species 4)  The Ocean Co. site has been destroyed by development.  Common at the best known site, which unfortunately has suffered greatly from damage by motorized off-road vehicles.  Scant or felted partial veil; at times with rather large polygonal based, truncate pyramidal warts, occasionally areolate, having terraced top of napiform bulb; spores: [75/4/3] (8.5-) 11.8 - 15.5 (-17.0) × (4.0-) 4.2 - 5.5 (-6.0) µm, (L = 13.1 - 14.0 µm; L’ = 13.6 µm; W = 4.6 - 5.2 µm; W’ = 4.9 µm; Q = (1.89-) 2.28 - 3.29 (-3.60); Q =2.61 - 2.98; Q’ = 2.81).  [ image ]




  20. subcokeri Tulloss nom. prov. * BT FPP JP MW OC? OL RO  (=species 5)  Common.  Having large rooting bulb with recurved scales, occasionally having “doubled” partial veil, odorous (burnt sugar mixed with cedar chest), acquiring rusty to pinkish to brick red spots, with warts on pileus liable to attack by Penicillium sp., spores too small for A. cokeri.  Spores: [461/23/23] (8.0-) 10.2 - 14.0 (-19.076. ) × (5.2-) 5.9 - 7.5 (-10.9) µm, (L = (10.7-) 10.8 - 13.6 (-13.8) µm; L’ = 12.1 µm; W = (6.0-) 6.1 - 7.0 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.33-) 1.57 - 2.17 (-2.82); Q = (1.59-) 1.64 - 2.02 (-2.11); Q’ = 1.85).  [ image ]




  21. subsolitaria (Murrill) Murrill * BP HI JP MQ OC RC RO TR WA  (=A. solitariiformis (Murrill) Murrill =A. crassifolia Bas nom. prov.)  Uncommon outside the coastal plain.  Common within the coastal plain.  Moderately rooting, carrot-like bulb; usually a few forking gills can be found.  Spores: [596/27/27] (7.3-) 9.1 - 14.0 (-21) × (3.5-) 4.2 - 5.2 (-6.5) µm, (L = (8.9-) 9.6 - 12.7 (-13.6) µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = (4.1-) 4.3 - 5.1 µm; W’ = 4.6 µm; Q = (1.57-) 2.0 - 3.0 (-3.83); Q = (2.03-) 2.21 - 2.79 (-2.81); Q’ = 2.47).  This entity, apparently when infected by one or more imperfect fungi and/or bacteria, produces sterile or small-spored basidiocarps that become brilliant yellow or yellow-orange on exposure to air.  In this condition, Q is highly variable.  Spores from material determined as A. crassifolia: [45/2/2] (6.6-) 8.7 - 11.5 (-14.0) × (4.2-) 4.5 - 6.0 (-6.3) µm, (L = 10.2 - 10.3 µm; L’ = 10.2 µm; W = 5.1 - 5.5 µm; W’ = 5.3 µm; Q = (1.47-) 1.72 - 2.22 (-2.50); Q = 1.89 - 1.99; Q’ = 1.95).  [ image ]




  22. tephrea Bas nom. prov. CH HU MN  Uncommon.  Only recently collected in this region.  Previously known from the Carolinas and mid-Appalchians.  Spores: [139/6/6] (7.5-) 8.6 - 12.4 (-17.1) × (5.2-) 5.6 - 8.0 (-9.6) µm, (L = 9.1 - 11.2 µm; L’ = 10.6 µm; W = 6.0 - 7.3 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.29-) 1.35 - 1.95 (-2.56); Q = 1.51 - 1.75; Q’ = 1.61).  [ image ]



  23. sp-11 AW  Macroscopically very similar to onusta, but with radically different spores.  Known in the region only from a single collection.  Spores: [15/1/1] (9.8-) 10.5 - 12.3 (12.6) × 4.9 - 5.6 (-6.3) µm, (L = 11.3 µm; W = 5.3 µm; Q = 1.88 - 2.43 (-2.50); Q = 2.16).



  24. sp-30 PA  (Known only from a single regional collection.  Strong odor, double partial veil.  Spores: [15/1/1] 9.1 - 10.5 × (5.6-) 6.3 - 7.0 µm, (L = 10.1 µm; W = 6.4 µm; Q = 1.44 - 1.70 (-1.88); Q = 1.58).




  25. species 38 CH HP MO SM  Uncommon.  Formerly, I assigned the collections included here to A. cinereoconia var. cinereoconia; but this appears to be an error.  This entity can be rather large with a naked ventricose bulb and a pileus covered with gray dust sometimes compressed into submembranous rags. Spores: [60/2/2] (8.0-) 8.4 - 11.9 (-12.6) × 5.6 - 7.3 (-7.7) µm, (L = 9.4 - 11.4 µm; L’ = 10.1 µm; W = 6.2 - 6.8 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.14-) 1.25 - 1.95 (-2.12); Q = 1.39 - 1.86; Q’ = 1.55).  [ image ]




  26. sp-39 HO SR  Uncommon.  Middle-sized, white at first, then with radial tan fibrils, chlorine-type odor, liable to hypomycization, cracking of bulb causes misdiagnosis as A. cokeri; it is possible that this material could be assignable to A. canescens.  I previously included this taxon under A. spissa var. alba Coker.  Spores: [60/3/3] (6.5-) 7.5 - 9.8 (-11.9) × (4.0-) 4.2 - 5.6 (-6.3) µm, (L = 8.0 - 9.0 µm; L’ = 8.4 µm; W = 4.8 - 5.2 µm; W’ = 5.0 µm; Q = (1.25-) 1.51 - 1.92 (-2.21); Q = 1.65 - 1.74; Q’ = 1.69).  [ image ]




  27. sp-63 Tulloss & Safonov nom. prov.
    Spores:   [image ]





  28. fulva Tulloss & Kudzma nom. prov.
    Spores:   [image ]



  29. sp-longicuneus03 Tulloss & Kudzma nom. prov.
    Spores:[15/1/1] (10.0-) 10.4 - 11.4 (-11.5) × (8.7-) 9.1 - 10.3 (-10.5) μm, (L = 10.8 μm; W = 9.7 μm; Q = (1.03-) 1.05 - 1.17 (-1.18); Q = 1.11)   [image ]



Section Phalloideae

All regional taxa in this section should be assumed to contain deadly amatoxins (also called amanitins), although the concentration can vary greatly from one specimen to another even within a single species.  Soft to firm stipe bulb with limbate volva, not complexly layered; pileus margin not appendiculate.  Stipe always with a membranous (rarely felted, in A. magnivelaris) partial veil.  Basidia usually rather short and always lacking basal clamps on basidia.

[ sectional links ]  [  top ] [ N. Amer. Phal. Key


  1. Amanita amerivirosa Tulloss et al. BE  Entirely white, turning bright yellow with 5-10% KOH solution.  having 4-sterigmate basidia.  Deadly.  Fruits in dry summers.  Spores: [80/4/4] (8.4-) 9.0 - 11.0 (-12.6) × (7.5-) 8.0 - 10.2 (-11.6) μm, (L = 9.4 - 10.0 μm; L' = 9.8 μm; W = 8.7 - 9.3 μm; W' = 9.0 μm; Q = (1.03-) 1.05 - 1.16 (-1.25); Q = 1.08 - 1.11; Q' = 1.09).  [ image ]




  2. bisporigera G. F. Atk. * AW BV CQ FPP HO HR HW JL JP LZ MQ MW NOR OC PP RO SF WA WX YC  Extremely common.  Contains deadly amatoxins.  Reacts brilliant yellow to 5% - 10% KOH solution.  Has 2-sterigmate basidia (in this character, unique in U.S. destroying angels).  More slender and less likely to discolor than A. sturgeonii, below.  Spores: [452/19/16] (5.2-) 7.2 - 9.9 (-11.0) × (4.8-) 6.5 - 8.6 (-10.0) µm, (L = (7.8-) 7.9 - 9.2 (-9.6) µm; L’ = 8.4 µm; W = (7.0-) 7.1 - 8.1 (-8.2) µm; W’ = 7.5 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.25 (-1.70); Q = (1.05-) 1.06 - 1.18 (-1.20); Q’ = 1.11).)  [ image ]



  3. elliptosperma G. F. Atk.  There are a number of similar species that are addressed on the taxon page for A. elliptosperma.  The specimen reported here is labeled simply "northern New Jersey."  Contains deadly amatoxins.  Spores [including type]: [807/35/30] (6.8-) 8.3 - 11.5 (-16.3) × (4.8-) 5.8 - 8.0 (-11.0) µm, (L = (8.7-) 8.8 - 10.8 (-11.5) µm; L’ = 9.8 µm; W = (5.5-) 6.0 - 7.7 (-8.0) µm; W’ = 6.8 µm; Q = (1.12-) 1.26 - 1.66 (-2.29); Q = (1.32-) 1.35 - 1.57 (-1.65); Q’ = 1.44).




  4. helmettensis JP WA  Whitish to slightly sordid, small, suggesting bisporigera including yellow reaction to KOH and negative reaction to L-tyrosine, basidia 4-spored, but spores often broadly ellipsoid.  Probably contains deadly amatoxins.  Known as far north as the New Jersey pine barrens.  Presently distinguishable by DNA.  Spores: [85/4/4] (4.9-) 8.0 - 10.1 (-11.2) × (4.2-) 7.0 - 8.7 (-9.4) µm, Q = (1.09-) 1.16 - 1.17).  [ image ]




  5. Amanita magnivelaris Peck CUM.  This species is unusual in the Phalloideae because it has a felted, cream partial veil rather than a thin, white, membranous one.  Spores: [110/4/4] (8.0-) 8.7 -11.2 (-11.5) × (5.8-) 5.9 - 7.5 (-7.8) μm, (L = 9.6 - 9.9 μm; L' = 9.8 μm; W = 6.5 - 6.9 μm; W' = 6.8 μm; Q = (1.25-) 1.29 - 1.60 (-1.71); Q = 1.40 - 1.50; Q' = 1.45).  [ image ]




  6. phalloides (Fr. : Fr.) Link in Willdenow AT BV CU JL LZ MW RO Contains deadly amatoxins.  Locally plentiful.  Sickly sweet (or "honey-like") odor develops by maturity.  Widely dispersed by the exportation of European host trees: Argentina, Australia (ACT), Canada, Europe, Japan, Madagascar, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, South Africa, Tanzania, Turkey, USA, ?Uruguay.  Spores: [296/15/14] (7.5-) 8.0 - 10.1 (-13.5) × (5.5-) 6.1 - 8.0 (-10.5) µm, (L = 8.3 - 9.3 (-9.5) µm; L’ = 8.9 µm; W = (6.4-) 6.8 - 7.4 µm; W’ = 7.1 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.12 - 1.47 (-1.70); Q = 1.20 - 1.33 (-1.40); Q’ = 1.26).  [ image ]




  7. sturgeonii  A robust species that gets brown or gray over the center of the cap with exposure.  It can be deadly and has killed a person who ingested it.  It has been referred to A. bisporigera (above) in the past.  Unbpublished molecular studies have shown that the two taxa are not one.  Spores: [53/1/1] (6.8-) 7.5 - 9.5 (-10.2) × (6.2-) 7.0 - 9.0 (-9.2) μm, (L = 8.5 μm; W = 7.9 μm; Q = 1.0 - 1.14 (-1.20); Q =1.07).  [ image ]




  8. suballiacea (Murrill) Murrill CLA LZ  Another white "destroying angel."  In the eastern USA, this species can be distinguished by spore size and shape.  This species stains yellow with 5-10% KOH as do many others.  Spores: [97/5/4] (7.2-) 8.0 - 10.5 (-11.5) × 6.5 - 8.8 (-9.2) μm, (L = 8.7 - 10.1 μm; L' = 9.1 μm; W = 7.2 - 8.0 μm; W' = 7.5 μm; Q = (1.04-) 1.11 - 1.39 (-1.50); Q = 1.20 - 1.28; Q' = 1.22).  [ image ]




  9. sp-57
    Spores:[40/2/2] (9.5-) 9.9 - 13.0 (-16.6) × (5.5-) 6.0 - 7.0 μm, (L= 10.7 - 12.0 μm; L' = 11.4 μm; W = 6.3 - 6.5 μm; W' = 6.4 μm; Q = (1.20-) 1.51 - 2.21 (-2.38); Q = 1.65 - 1.89; Q' = 1.77),   [image ]




  10. sp-N50
    Spores:[45/2/2] (8.5-) 9.0 - 12.6 (-14.7) × (5.7-) 6.0 - 8.0 (-10.0) μm, (L = 9.3 - 11.3 μm; L' = 10.4 μm; W = 6.3 - 7.1 μm; W' = 6.7 μm; Q = (1.22-) 1.36 - 1.78 (-1.91); Q = 1.48 - 1.60; Q' = 1.54)   [image ]



Section Validae

Universal veil almost always friable, appearing as a small limb only in taxa with a marginate stipe bulb.  Stipe always annulate.  Pilei may be brightly colored.  Basidia usually rather short and always lacking basal clamps.  While some of the taxa in this section may not contain a hemolytic compound, a number of them do.  Therefore, ingestion of species in this section without thorough cooking is to be strongly discouraged.  Experimentation with eating amanitas is not a good idea at any rate.

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  1. aestivalis Singer ex Singer AW JP PIK RO  Uncommon.  With the habit of A. brunnescens; however, staining reaction is very slow.  Pileus is dominantly pure white with some yellowish tint over disc at times.  Spores: [200/9/6] (5.8-) 7.0 - 9.5 (-10.9) × (5.0-) 6.8 - 8.8 (-10.5) µm, (L = (7.6-) 7.9 - 8.6 µm; L’ = 8.4 µm; W = (7.2-) 7.5 - 8.0 µm; W’ = 7.8 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.14 (-1.20); Q = 106 - 1.08 (-1.09); Q’ = 1.07).)  [ image ]



  2. americitrina Tulloss, K. W. Hughes & Rodríguez Caycedoo cryptonom. temp.
    Spores:[31/1/1] (6.0-) 7.5 - 9.5 (-9.6) × (5.4-) 7.0 - 9.0 (-9.1) μm, (L = 7.8 - 9.0 μm; L; = 8.6 μm; W = 7.3 - 8.3 μm; W' = 8.0 μm; Q = (1.02-) 1.04 - 1.14 (-1.15); Q = 1.08; Q' = 1.08)   [image ]





  3. Amanita aureosubucula Tulloss & K. W. Hughes nom. prov.*  [ image ]  [ page ]

    This is a common "rubescens" of eastern Canada and the eastern US.  It is distinct from the European A. rubescens.  Spores: [95/3/3] (7.0-) 7.5 - 10.0 (-11.2) × (4.9-) 5.5 - 7.0 (-8.3) μm, (L = 8.4- 9.2 μm; L' = 8.7 μm; W = 5.9 - 6.3 μm; W' = 6.1 μm; Q = (1.19-) 1.27 - 1.65 (-1.69); Q = 1.32 - 1.52; Q' = 1.43).

    Grotto Falls Tr. [RET (u.d.)] RET 7-12-04-U



  4. brunnescens G. F. Atk. * ALG AW HR JP LAC LZ MQ MW OC OW RO  (=A. brunnescens var. pallida L. Krieg.)  Extremely common.  Spores: [35/2/2] (7.0-) 7.5 - 9.2 (-9.5) × (6.5-) 7.0 - 8.5 (-9.2) µm, (L = 8.2 - 8.7 µm; L’ = µm; W = 7.6 - 8.0 µm; W’ = µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.03 - 1.15 (-1.18); Q = 1.08; Q’ = 1.08).  [ image ]




  5. cornelihybrida Tulloss, K. W. hughes et al. FPP JL JP LAC PP  This taxon is an infraspecific hybrid swarm with a presently known range extending over much of the eastern U.S. It resembles A. lavendula in form, color, and the tendency to turn lavender to amethyst when exposed to low temperatures.  Spores: [172/9/8] (6.7-) 7.4 - 9.5 (-11.0) × (6.0-) 6.6 - 9.0 (-10.0) μm, (L = 7.9 - 8.9 μm; L' = 8.4 μm; W = 7.2 - 8.4 μm; W' = 7.8 μm; Q = (1.01-) 1.03 - 1.15 (-1.25); Q = 1.06 - 1.09; Q' = 1.08).  [ image ]




  6. elongata Peck AW unkn_co_PA  Uncommon.  Cap usually yellow (sometimes with irregular orange spot(s); stipe usually white (sometimes with yellow in part); partial veil white to yellow.  Holotype collected in Pennsylvania.  Spores longer and proportionately narrower than those of A. flavoconia var. flavoconia.  Spores: [113/6/6] (6.8-) 7.5 - 10.5 (-12.5) × (4.0-) 5.0 - 6.9 (-8.7) µm, (L = 7.9 - 9.6 µm; L’ = 8.8 µm; W = 5.3 - 6.4 µm; W’ = 5.8 µm; Q = (1.21-) 1.33 - 1.70 (-1.81); Q = 1.45 - 1.58; Q’ = 1.52).)  [ image ]




  7. flavoconia G. F. Atk. var. flavoconia * AW CLA HO JP LZ MQ MW OW PE PIK RO SF SR  Extremely common, with a wide variety of symbionts.  Spores: [139/8/8] (6.5-) 6.8 - 9.0 (-10.6) × (4.8-) 5.0 - 7.0 (-8.9) µm, (L = 7.2 - 8.2 (-8.6) µm; L’ = 7.9 µm; W = (5.3-) 5.5 - 6.9 µm; W’ = 6.0 µm; Q = (1.08-) 1.15 - 1.50 (-1.64); Q = 1.21 - 1.43 (-1.49); Q’ = 1.33).)  [ image ]




  8. flavorubens (Berk. & Mont.) Sacc. BV HI HO LZ MQ MR PE PIK RO SH SO SP SR (=flavorubescens G. F. Atk.)  Common.  Purplish red (wine) staining is most common in the flesh at the base of the stipe; however, when the pileus has broken through a dense lawn turf (for example), the whole cap surface may be wine colored.  The yellow pigment can be washed out by rain.  Spores: [180/9/8] (7.4-) 7.8 - 11.0 (-12.6) × (4.9-) 5.4 - 7.0 (-8.4) µm, (L = 8.3 - 9.6 (-10.7) µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = (5.5-) 5.7 - 6.6 µm; W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.17-) 1.28 - 1.76 (-1.96); Q = (1.34-) 1.37 - 1.67; Q’ = 1.52).  [ image ]




  9. lavendula (Coker) Tulloss, K. W. Hughes, Rodrig. Cayc., & Kudzma FPP OC PP WA  Extremely common from late August to the end of the mushroom season, although not always revealing any lavender coloring.  It seems that the lavender staining seen in this taxon is produced near freezing temperatures.  The lavender staining is also seen in A. cornelihybrida and A. sp-lavendula03 (see below).  The latter two species have larger and more nearly globose spores.  Spores: [140/7/6] (5.8-) 6.0 - 8.0 (-9.7) × (4.9-) 5.3 - 7.0 (-8.1) μm, (L = 6.5 - 7.2 μm; L' = 6.9 μm; W = 5.8 - 6.4 μm; W' = 6.1 μm; Q = (1.02-) 1.05 - 1.29 (-1.49); Q = 1.10 - 1.18; Q' = 1.13)  [ image ]




  10. morrisii Peck FPP OW PP  (=species 15)  Uncommon.  Should be sought in coastal plain areas where sandy soil is often moist.  Notice the small annulus with the orangish or beige underside; the cap is very, very dark in the button of this species.  (Peck originally considered the name "bicolor" for this species.)  Also, check for the smell of apples.  Spores: [585/29/8] (6.0-) 7.2 - 9.8 (-11.5) × (4.2-) 5.5 - 7.0 (-8.2) µm, (L = (7.4-) 7.9 - 9.1 (-9.3) µm; L’ = 8.5 µm; W = (5.5-) 5.9 - 6.6 (-6.7) µm; W’ = 6.3 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.20 - 1.52 (-1.64); Q = (1.28-) 1.30 - 1.42 (-1.44); Q’ = 1.36).  [ image ]



  11. Amanita rubescens var. alba, Miola-Bigley, St. Game Lands No. 72, Clarion Co., Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (RET 478-1)
    rubescens var. alba Coker * ALG BV CLA JP LZ NOR  Uncommon.  Certainly not a variety of the European species—A. rubescens (differentiated easily by DNA.  Spores: [141/7/6] (6.5-) 7.0 - 9.8 (-10.5) × (4.5-) 5.0 - 7.0 (-8.5) µm, (L = 7.6 - 9.0 (-9.2) µm; L’ = 8.3 µm; W = 5.5 - 6.1 (-6.7) µm; W’ = 5.9 µm; Q = (1.12-) 1.24 - 1.60 (-1.69); Q = 1.34 - 1.49 (-1.50); Q’ = 1.41).  [ image ]




  12. salmonescens Tulloss HW  (=species 8.)  Rare, known only from a single site in NJ.  This species is reported as locally common in Illinois.  It is also known from the Adirondack Mtns. in western SC.  Stipe bruising salmon then becoming sordid; spores: [144/6/5] (5.9-) 7.0 - 9.2 (-10.5) × (4.2-) 4.5 - 6.0 (-6.5) µm, (L = (7.7-) 7.8 - 8.4 µm; L’ = 8.1 µm; W = (4.9-) 5.2 - 5.6 µm; W’ = 5.3 µm; Q = (1.18-) 1.35 - 1.75 (-1.88); Q = 1.45 - 1.57 (-1.62); Q’ = 1.54).)  [ image ]




  13. solaniolens H. L. Stewart & Grund CAR CQ LZ  (=species N20.)  Rare.  Originally described from Nova Scotia.  Like a small "A. brunnescens" with white or yellow volval material and a white or pale sulfur yellow annulus; pileus distinctly virgate; spores: [70/3/3] 7.0 - 8.8 (-10.5) × (5.5-) 6.5 - 8.0 (-9.5) µm, (L = 7.9 - 8.2 µm; L’ = 8.0 µm; W = 7.1 - 7.4 µm; W’ = 7.2 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.03 - 1.27 (-1.35); Q = 1.06 - 1.16; Q’ = 1.11).  [ image ]



  14. spissa var. alba Coker * BD BE? HO  Poorly known taxon.  Type consists only of a spore print.  Spores (per Jenkins): 6.3 - 7.5 × 4.2 - 5.0 µm; Q' = 1.50).




  15. submaculata Peck BT HU JP LB RO SR UNI  (=species 18 =species 29.)  Virgate cap with occasional depigmented spots, gray-brown, with fruit-like (pear or apple) or anise-like (rarely tar-like) odor.  The copious partial veil often separates in two stages, creating a crease around it at about mid-radius that suggests a 19th Century ball gown.  Spores: [386/18/15] (6.3-) 7.0 - 9.8 (-13.3) × (4.5-) 4.9 - 6.6 (-8.4) µm, (L = (7.2-) 7.8 - 8.7 (-8.8) µm; L’ = 8.4 µm; W = (5.2-) 5.5 - 6.2 µm; W’ = 5.7 µm; Q = (1.18-) 1.25 - 1.67 (-2.02); Q = (1.32-) 1.36 - 1.56 (-1.64); Q' = 1.47).  [ image ]



  16. umbilicata Tulloss, Kudzma, K. W. Hughes, I. Safonov nom. prov.
    Spores:[40/1/1] (7.0-) 7.3 - 9.4 (-10.2) × (4.8-) 4.9 - 6.1 (=6.4) μm, (L = 8.2 μm; W = 5.4 μm; Q = (1.33-) 1.34- 1.84 (-2.12); Q = 1.52),   [image ]




  17. sp-10 CH PR  Uncommon.  Known from one site in NJ and one on Long Island.  A very similar taxon has been collected in Central America.  Brown pileus, differing from A. franchetii sensu Dav. T. Jenkins due to apparent innate fibrils in cap and a more olivaceous brown pileus; differing from European franchetii due to lack of yellow context exposed when the immature pileipellis is scraped away.  It has yellow universal veil material and a habit suggestive of flavoconia.  Spores: [45/2/2] 7.0 - 9.1 (-9.4) × (4.9-) 5.2 - 6.3 µm, (L = 7.8 - 8.5 µm; L’ = 8.3 µm; W = 5.5 - 5.8 µm; W’ = 5.7 µm; Q = (1.25-) 1.30 - 1.62; Q = 1.42 - 1.47; Q’ = 1.45).  [ image ]




  18. sp-15 OW (Probably = morrisii (see above))  Apple odor; image taken in late afternoon (too much red tint); spores: [75/3/2] (8.0-) 8.4 - 9.8 (-11.5) × 5.6 - 7.7 (-8.4) µm, (L = 8.9 - 9.4 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 6.5 - 6.6 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.20-) 1.25 - 1.56; Q = 1.37 - 1.42; Q’ = 1.40).  [ image ]




  19. sp-19 MW (Rare, known only from a single site in the region.  Unevenly lobed pileus margin, detersile warts, brown disk, robust stipe, fragile partial veil, affin. excelsa sensu Coker (1917); spores: [40/2/2] (7.0-) 7.3 - 9.8 (-11.5) × (4.5-) 4.9 - 6.2 (-6.5) µm, (L = 7.8 - 8.8 µm; L’ = 8.3 µm; W = 5.0 - 5.7 µm; W’ = 5.4 µm; Q = (1.31-) 1.40 - 1.69 (-1.92); Q = 1.54 - 1.56; Q’ = 1.55).  [ image ]



  20. sp-23 * BE BT WF  Brown radial "fibrils" in cap, spores large for Validae, yellowish submembranous universal veil material on bulb; spores: [20/1/1] 7.7 - 12.2 × (4.5-) 4.9 - 7.7 µm, (L = 10.0 µm; W = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.40-) 1.50 - 1.89 (-2.02); Q = 1.65).




  21. sp-25 * (Rare, known from only one collection made in 1984.  Pale yellow partial veil with thick edge; odor of oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate); cap citrin-yellow; yellow lamellae edges, large ovoid bulb with brief marginal limb of even length; spores: [20/1/1] (6.3-) 7.0 - 9.1 (-9.8) × (5.6-) 6.3 - 9.1 (-9.8) µm, (L = 8.6 µm; W = 8.1 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.17 (-1.25); Q = 1.07).  Note: A second collection attributed to this taxon proved to be A. phalloides; hence, it is possible that the "oil of wintergreen" odor is an artifact with a human source.
    [ image ]




  22. sp-36 HO SR  If an incompletely expanded pileipellis is scraped away, a brilliant yellow is seen; this is said to be an identifying character of the European species A. franchetii; however, the European species' spore’s are longer and have Q around 1.38.  The N. American taxon has yellow, unchanging volval material and an orangy-brown to yellow-brown pileus; its stature is like a small flavorubens.  Spores: [60/3/1] (5.9-) 6.6 - 8.4 (-9.4) × 4.2 - 5.2 (-5.6) µm, (L = 7.3 - 7.5 µm; L’ = 7.4 µm; W = 4.7 - 5.0 µm; W’ = 4.8 µm; Q = (1.27-) 1.35 - 1.74 (-1.87); Q = 1.51 - 1.58; Q’ = 1.56).  [ image ]




  23. sp-43 SR  (Small pale brown pileus, not virgate (one differentiation from A. sp-10 (above)); volval material pale yellow, fading to cream.  Spores: [20/1/1] 7.3 - 9.1 (-9.8) × (4.9-) 5.2 - 6.3 µm, (L = 8.3 µm; W = 5.7 µm; Q = 1.30 - 1.62; Q = 1.47).)  [ image ]


  24. sp-54 RO  (Gray, virgate cap with dark center.  In the flavoconia-like group.  Known from only one locality.  Spores: [20/1/1] (6.0-) 7.0 - 7.8 (-8.0) × (4.0-) 4.5 - 5.5 (-5.6) μm, (L = 7.4 μm; L' = 7.4 μm; W = 5.0 μm; W' = 5.0 μm; Q = (1.36-) 1.38 - 1.60 (-1.64); Q = 1.49; Q' = 1.49).  [ image ]




  25. sp-amerirubescens02 BB JP LAC PIK PP RO  Cap 0ften with an light orange-tan or light yellow-orange tint at first, sometimes paler; universal veil not yellowish at first, lacking yellow on the underside of the partial veil.  Spore size/shape can distinguish this species from rubescens var. alba.  Spore size/shape is very similar in A. aureosubucula, A. sp-amerirubescens02, and A. sp-amerirubescens04.  Spores: [170/7/7] (7.1-) 7.7 - 10.2 (-11.5) × (5.0-) 5.5 - 7.1 (-8.0) μm, (L = 8.0 - 9.3 μm; L' = 8.7 μm; W = 5.7 - 6.8 μm; W = 6.2 μm; Q = (1.13-) 1.22 - 1.61 (-1.81); Q = 1.27 - 1.54; Q' = 1.41).


  26. sp-amerirubescens04 Tulloss nom. prov. LZ SP SR WX  Rather common.  Spore size/shape is very similar in sp-amerirubescens02, and sp-amerirubescens04.  Spores: [40/2/2] (6.8-) 7.8 - 9.5 (-11.6) × (5.0-) 5.6 - 6.6 (-7.2) μm, (L = 8.2 - 9.0 μm; L' = 8.6 μm; W = 5.8 - 6.0 μm; W' = 5.9 μm; Q = (1.27-) 1.31 - 1.69 (-1.78); Q = 1.37 - 1.56; Q' = 1.46).
    [ image ]




  27. sp-amerirubescens05 Tulloss nom. prov. LZ  ??  Spores: [31/2/2] (6.4-) 6.5 - 8.0 (-10.0) × (4.5-) 4.6 - 5.6 (-6.9) μm, (L = 7.1 μm; L' = 7.1 μm; W = 5.2 μm; W' = 5.2 μm; Q = (1.25-) 1.29 - 1.50 (-1.60); Q = 1.37 - 1.40; Q' = 1.38).
    [ image ]




  28. sp-amerirubescens07 LAC.  The cap is distinctly brownish gray at first and may have a striate margin; the mushroom stains as do other rubescent taxa.  The blackening of the volva is probably due to something other than the genetically determined properties of this species.  Spores: [20/1/1] 7.1 - 9.2 (-11.1) × (5.0-) 5.2 - 6.4 (-8.0) μm, (L = 8.2 μm; W = 5.7 μm; Q = (1.25-) 1.29 - 1.55 (-1.59); Q = 1.43).  [ image ]




  29. Amanita sp-lavendula03 Tulloss, K. W. Hughes, etc. nom. prov.  Spores: [100/4/4] (6.0-) 7.5 - 9.0 (-11.0) × (5.8-) 6.8 - 8.5 (-10.2) µm, (L = 8.0 - 8.6 µm; L’ = 8.3 µm; W = 7.6 - 8.2 µm; W’ = 7.8 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.13 (-1.20); Q = 1.05 - 1.07; Q’ = 1.06).  [ image ]




  30. sp-N47 FPP  Spores: [140/7/3] (6.5-) 7.0 - 9.4 (-10.5) × (3.8-) 4.2 - 6.1 (-6.5) μm, (L = 7.6 - 8.7 μm; L' = 8.0 μm; W = 4.5 - 5.6 μm; W' = 5.1 μm; Q = (1.27-) 1.36 - 1.84 (-2.12); Q = 1.52 - 1.69; Q' = 1.57).  [ image ]



Limacella
Having a fertile edge on the lamellae.  Cap covered with gluten held in place by vertically oriented, branching hyphae.

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  1. glischra HU A member of Limacella section Lubricae with gluten present on both cap and stipe.  The gluten is bright colored (combinations of orange, red, yellow, and orange-brown).nbsp; Although the cap pigmentation varies a fresh mushroom is is almost always a match to an image or images in some field guide.  Spores: [20/1/1] (3.6–) 3.9 – 4.6 (–5.3) × 3.5 – 4.4 (–5.0) µm, (L = 4.3 µm; L’ = 4.3 µm; W = 3.9 µm; W’ = 3.9 µm; Q = 1.03 – 1.15 (–1.17); Q = 1.10; Q’ = 1.10).  [ image ]




  2. lenticularis var. fischeri (Kauffman) H. V. Sm. unkn. co., PA  A member of Limacella section Amanitellae with a dry stem and a membranous partaial veil, this species is poorly known and is similar to L. solidipes (Peck) H. V. Sm.  Spores H. V. Smith (1945): [-/-/-] 4.5 – 6.6 × 3.5 – 5.6 µm, (est. Q = 1.18 - 1.29; est. Q’ = 1.22).  [ image ]



BIBLIOGRAPHY

(NB: partial and a bit out-of-date)

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Bas, C. 1969. Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph of its section Lepidella. Persoonia 5(4): 285-579.

Coker, W. C. 1917. The amanitas of the eastern United States. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 33(1 & 2): i + 1-88.

Gilbert, E.-J. 1940 & 1941. Amanitaceae. Iconogr. Mycol. (Milan) 27 & suppls. xx + 427 pp., 73 pl.

Hughes, K.W., R. H. Petersen, D. J. Lodge, S. E. Bergemann, K. Baumgartner, R. E. Tulloss, E. Lickey and J. Cifuentes. 2013. Evolutionary consequences of putative intra- and interspecific hybridization in agaric fungi. Mycologia 105: 1577-1594.  doi: 10.3852/13-041

Jenkins, D. T. 1978. A study of Amanita types. I. Taxa described by C. H. Peck. Mycotaxon 7: 23-44.

_____. 1986. Amanita of North America (Mad River, Eureka). vi+198 pp.

Lincoff, G. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North American mushrooms. (Knopf, New York). 926 pp.

Morales-Torres, E., M. Villegas-Ríos, J. Cifuentes and R. E. Tulloss. 1999. Revision of Amanita alexandri Guzmán and its similarity to Amanita polypyramis (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. Mycotaxon 73: 477-491.

Moser, M. 1983. Keys to agarics and boleti. S. Plant, trans., G. G. Kibby, ed. (Phillips, Tonbridge). 535 pp.

Peck, C. H. 1892. Report of the State Botanist. Rep. (Annual) Regents Univ. State New York New York State Mus. 44: 115-187.

Smith, H. V. 1945 ["1944"]. The genus Limacella in North America. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 30: 125-147, pl. I.

Thiers, H. D. 1982. The Agaricales of California. 1. Amanitaceae. (Mad River, Eureka). 53 pp. + pl.

Tulloss, R. E. 1984. Distribution and taxonomic notes on Amanita mutabilis. Mycologia 76: 555-558.

_____. 1986. What is the mushroom North Americans have been calling Amanita caesarea? Bull. Boston Mycol. Club 41: 10-13. [Republished: NJMA News 18(4): 9-13.]

_____. 1988. Amanita sinicoflava: a new species from eastern North America. Mycotaxon 32 421-431.

_____. 1990. Amanita salmonescens -- a new species from the southeastern United States. Mycotaxon 38: 125-132.

_____. 1990. Amanita crenulata -- history, taxonomy, distribution, and poisonings. Mycotaxon 39: 393-405.

_____. 1991. Amanita morrisii -- history, taxonomy, and distribution. Mycotaxon 40: 281-286.

_____. 1993. Amanita pachysperma, Amanita subvirginiana, and Amanita virginiana (taxonomy and distribution) with notes on description of the lamella trama in Amanita. Mycotaxon 49: 449-475.

_____. 1994. Type studies in Amanita section Vaginatae I: Some taxa described in this century (studies 1-23) with notes on description of spores and refractive hyphae in Amanita. Mycotaxon 52: 305-396.

_____. 1994. Seminario sobre Amanita. Supporting materials for a seminar on Amanita. Univ. Autónoma Tlaxcala, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala. 30 August - 3 September. 128 pp.

_____. 1995. Supporting materials for a seminar on Amanita, 2nd edition. Boston Mycological Club, 13 September 1995. 143 pp.

_____. 1996. Programa. Seminario sobre Amanita, 3rd edition. Soc. Mexicana Micol.; Facultad Ciencias, Univ. Nacional Autónoma México; & Facultad Ciencias, Univ. Autónoma Edo. México. 3 July - 10 July. 158 pp.

_____. 1998. Syllabus for a Seminar on Amanita, 4th edition. N. Amer. Mycol. Assoc. & Mycol. Soc. San Francisco. vi+184+ii pp.

_____. 1998 ["1997"]. Notes on Amanita crocea and phenetically related taxa and preliminary findings concerning some material determined as Amanita crocea in Mexico and the U.S.A. Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 40(2-3): 447-455.

_____ and D. T. Jenkins. 1985. Validation of Amanita longipes. Mycotaxon 22: 439-442.

_____ and _____. 1986. Notes on distribution of Amanita albocreata. Mycotaxon 26: 81-83.

_____, L. V. Kudzma, M. K. Tulloss and A. Rockefeller. 2021. Amanita amerivirosa—a new toxic North American species of Amanita section Phalloideae. Amanitaceae1(4):1-15.

_____ and J. E. Lindgren. 2005. Amanita aprica--a new toxic species from western North America. Mycotaxon 91: 193-205.

_____ and F. Massart. 1998. Quelques observations courtes et preliminaires sur Amanita asteropus and Amanita aestivalis. Doc. Mycol. 27(109-110): 73-76, 119, pl. 5 (figs. A-D).

_____, C. Rodríguez-Caycedo, K. W. Hughes, J. Geml, L. V. Kudzma, B. E. Wolfe, and D. Arora. 2015. Nomenclatural changes in Amanita. II. Amanitaceae 1(2): 1-6.

_____, S. L. Stephenson, R. P. Bhatt and A. Kumar. 1995. Studies of Amanita (Amanitaceae) in West Virginia and adjacent areas of the mid-Appalachians. Preliminary results. Mycotaxon 56: 243-293.

Williams, E. M. 1899. Notes on amanitas. Asa Gray Bull. 7(4): 77-79.

_____. 1900. [untitled]. Asa Gray Bull. 8(5): 103-104.

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Last change of this page: 26 May 2023.
Copyrighted photographs: the image of the expanding button of A. banningiana is copyright 2006 by Walter Sturgeon, and the image of Amanita species 35 is copyright 2006 by Geoffrey G. Kibby.