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Illustrated checklist of the species of Amanitaceae found
in the New Jersey Pine Barrens & surrounding areas of New Jersey,
Long Island (New York) & eastern Pennsylvania
Rodham E. Tulloss and Mary Macher
P. O. Box 57, Roosevelt, New Jersey 08555-0057, USA
Background: The background tile for this page shows a stretch of Jakes Landing Road, Cape May Co., NJ, adjacent to a White Pine (Pinus strobus) plantation in which A. phalloides was apparently introduced. The small plantation is surrounded by pine-oak barrens in which the dominant pine is Pitch Pine (P. rigida).
This list of species of the genus Amanita is one of the oldest and longest maintained documents in my files and was initiated in the late 1970’s.
Acknowledgments. Its compilation has benefited by the
collecting, photographic, and annotation efforts of many people including
the members of the New Jersey
Mycological Association, the New York Mycological Society, and the Long
Island Mushroom Club. Particularly large groups of collections were
provided by A. & G. Boyd, the Burghardt family, G. Davis, R. M. Fatto,
Dr. M. Goldman, C. Hogenbirk, S. Hopkins, J. L. Horman, G. Kibby, N.
Macdonald, A. Norarevian, Dr. S. S. Ristich, R. Roper, B. & J.
VanSant, Dr. Eugene H. Varney, David Wasilewski, and E. R. Yetter),
my wife (Mary A. Tulloss),
and my children (Mark, David, and Sarah). The list and the data it
contains also benefited greatly from my conversations and correspondence
with Drs. Cornelis Bas (Leiden), David T. Jenkins (Univ. of Alabama,
Birmingham), and Zhu L. Yang (Kunming Botanical Institute, Academia
Sinica, Yunnan Prov., China). Representative collections of the
listed species are preserved in my herbarium.
While the list is certainly incomplete, I hope that it will prove useful
in identifying collections of Amanita from the Pine Barrens and
surrounding areas including most of New Jersey, Long Island, and
Pennsylvania (especially eastern counties). D. T. Jenkins
(1986) lists NJ records of a few
fungi not yet found by myself or the collectors who have supplied me with
specimens. These few taxa are in a companion checklist for the
Northeastern states excluding New Jersey. I have decided to follow
this approach to keep the present check list a relatively pure record of
my observations based on voucher specimens.
This list contains 132 apparently distinct
Amanita taxa and two Limacella taxa. These are
formally described or provisional; as many as
75 are provisional at this time.
With regard to supraspecific taxa, this document follows (Corner and Bas,
1962), (Bas, 1969), and (Yang,
1997). The taxa are surely
undercounted, especially in section
Vaginatae.
Data concerning spore size and shape is provided for each taxon. When spore data is my own it is preceded by three numbers as follows: "[a/b/c]." In this format, a is the number of spores measured; b is the number of specimens from which these spores came; and c is the number of collections from which the specimens came.
Definitions of biometric variables are to be found in the Teaching Topics box on the upper left of this page under the title "Biometeric variables: ...."
The Q values for taxa in section Lepidella not reviewed by me are from (Bas 1969). Remaining values not from my own measurements are derived from (Jenkins, 1978) and/or (Jenkins, 1986). Any errors are my own responsibility.
Indication of selected collecting
sites: Note that an asterix (*) after a species in this list indicates
that that species was collected in the New Jersey Pine Barrens during the
1984 Northeastern Mycological Foray. The following list of code
names for sites is available in the form of a pop-up. This can
be obtained by setting your pop-up blocker to permit pop-ups from
< www.amanitaceae.org > and, then, pressing the gray popup button
that appears repeatedly below.
The following codes indicate specific locations in New Jersey from which a given species has been recorded and, for which, a voucher specimen is known. The codes appear as superscript text after a taxon's name. (The work on including localities where taxa have been collected is not complete.)
New Jersey Pine Barrens sites are indicated as follows:
AP = Allaire State Park, Monmouth Co.
AT = all locations not separately listed, Atlantic Co.
BB = Brendan Byrne State Forest (no specific locality), Burlington County
BD = Brigantine Div., Edwin B. Forsythe Nat. Wildlife Refuge, Atlantic Co.
BE = Belleplain State Forest, location not separately listed, Cape May Co.
BT = Batsto Village, Wharton State Forest, Burlington Co.
CM = all locations not separately listed, Cape May Co.
CU = all locations not separately listed, Cumberland Co.
FPP = Franklin Parker Preserve, Burlington Co.
GL = all locations not separately listed, Gloucester Co.
JL = Jakes Landing Road, Belleplain State Forest, Cape May Co.
JP = "Spotswood outlyer" of the Pine Barrens in or near Jamesburg Municipal Park, near Helmetta, Middlesex Co.
OC = all locations not separately listed, Ocean Co.
OW = Oswego Lake, Penn State Forest, Ocean Co.
PP = Pakim Pond, Brendan Byrne State Forest, Burlington Co.
PW = Peaslee Wildlife Management Area, Cumberland Co.
SR = Shark River County Park, Monmouth Co.
UC = Union Lake, Cumberland Co.
WA = Waretown, Ocean Co.
WF = Wharton State Forest (excluding Batsto Village), Atlantic Co., NJ
New Jersey sites outside of the Pine Barrens are indicated as follows:
AW = Assunpink Wildlife Management Area, Monmouth Co.
BV = Bernardsville, Somerset Co.
CA = all locations not separately listed, Camden Co.
CQ = Cheesequake State Park, Middlesex Co.
ES = all locations not separately listed, Essex Co.
HI = Hightstown, Mercer Co.
HO = Hopewell Township, Mercer Co.
HP = Holmdel County Park, Monmouth Co.
HR = Hackettstown Reservoir, Morris Co.
HU = all locations not separately listed, Hunterdon Co.
HW = Herrontown Woods County Park, Mercer Co.
LB = Lebanon, Hunterdon Co.
MF = Middlesex Falls Reservoir, Middlesex Co.
MN = all locations not separately listed, Monmouth Co.
MO = all locations not separately listed, Morris Co.
MQ = Manasquan Reservoir, Monmouth Co. [oak barrens]
MR = all locations not separately listed, Mercer Co.
MS = Millstone Township, Monmouth Co.
MW = Meadow Woods Municipal Park, Mendham, Morris Co.
OL = Oldwick, Hunterdon Co.
PA = all locations not separately listed, Passaic Co.
PR = Princeton Borough and Township, Mercer Co.
RC = Rancocas State Park, Burlington Co.
RO = Roosevelt Borough, Monmouth Co.
SF = Stokes State Forest, Sussex Co.
SM = South Mountain Reservatio, Essex Co.
SO = all locations not separately listed, Somerset Co.
SP = Stephens State Park, Warren Co.
SX = all locations not separately listed, Sussex Co.
UL = Union Lake Fish & Wildlife Management Area, Mercer Co.
WA = all locations not separately listed, Warren Co.
WO = Worthington State Forest, Warren Co.
WX = Washington Crossing State Park, Mercer Co.
YC = Yards Creek Reservation, Warren Co.
BP = Bethpage State Park, Nassau Co.
CE = Cedar Point Park, Suffolk Co.
CH = Cunningham Park, Queens Co.
CS = Caumsett State Park, Suffolk Co.
EO = Edgewood Oak Brush Plains Preserve, Suffolk Co.
MU = Muttontown Preserve, Nassau Co.
RP = Rocky Point Conservation Area, Suffolk Co.
SH = Southhaven Co. Pk., Suffolk Co.
SK = all locations not separately listed, Suffolk Co.
TR = Terrell River County Nature Preserve, Suffolk Co.
ADA = all locations not separately listed, Adams Co.
ALG = all locations not separately listed, Allegheny County Co.
BER = all locations not separately listed, Berks Co.
BUC = all locations not separately listed, Bucks Co.
CAR = all locations not separately listed, Carbon Co.
CLA = all locations not separately listed, Clarion Co.
CLE = all locations not separately listed, Clearfield Co.
COL = all locations not separately listed, Columbia Co.
CUM = all locations not separately listed, Cumberland Co.
ERI = all locations not separately listed, Erie Co.
FRA = all locations not separately listed, Franklin Co.
FUL = all locations not separately listed, Fulton Co.
LAC = all locations not separately listed, Lackawanna Co.
LAW = all locations not separately listed, Lawrence Co.
LZ = all locations not separately listed, Luzerne Co.
MCK = all locations not separately listed, McKean Co.
MON = all locations not separately listed, Monroe Co.
NOR = all locations not separately listed, Northampton Co.
PE = Pocono Environmental Education Center, Pikes Co.
PIK = all locations not separately listed, Pike Co.
SCH = all locations not separately listed, Schuylkill Co.
SUL = all locations not separately listed, Sullivan Co.
UNI = all locations not separately listed, Union Co.
WES = all locations not separately listed, Westmoreland Co.
YOR = all locations not separately listed, York Co.
TAXONOMIC PART
Links to listings for sections of the genus Amanita:
crenulata PeckAT BB CQ FPP GL HO JL JP LZ OW PP PR RO SCH SF SR WA WES
WX
(=species 27) Extremely common. This entity is poisonous and
colored differently than stated in the original description (however, in
agreement with water color by original collector); small to medium
stature; pale creamy to sordid tan or beige sometimes with yellowish
tint; often with dense covering of paler, powdery warts and
scales. Universal veil material also appears as powder on upper
half to third of bulb which may have scant, gemmata-type
collar; A. crenulata frequently accompanies A. muscaria
var. guessowii; common under Norway Spruce (Picea abies)
and pitch, white, and red pines (Pinus rigida, P. strobus, P.
resinosa) in Sept. & Oct.; spores: [1558/78/68] (5.9-) 7.3 -
10.2 (-14.2) × (4.8-) 6.2 - 8.8 (-14.2) µm, (L = (7.5-) 7.9 - 9.6
(-10.4) µm; L’ = 8.7 µm; W = (6.3-) 6.8 - 8.0 (-8.8) µm;
W’ = 7.5 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.05 - 1.34 (-1.71); Q = (1.08-)
1.10 - 1.25 (-1.36); Q’ = 1.17).)
[ image ]
frostiana
(Peck) Sacc. No vouchers known from New Jersey.
Spores [incorporating data taken on my collections by Zhu L. Yang]:
[199/10/6] (7.5-) 8.5 - 10.5 (-12.5) × (7.5-) 7.8 - 9.8 (-11.3) µm,
(L = (8.5-) 9.0 - 9.6 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = (8.1-)
8.5 - 9.2 µm; W’ = 8.7 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.12 (-1.17); Q =
(1.04-) 1.05 - 1.08; Q’ = 1.06).)
[ image ]
multisquamosa PeckOL PE (≡A. pantherina var.
multisquamosa (Peck)
Dav. T. Jenkins =A. cothurnata G. F. Atk.) Spores:
[72/4/4] (6.6-) 7.0 - 11.2 (-15.0) × (5.2-) 5.6 - 8.4 (-8.7) µm,
(L = 7.8 - 9.8 µm; L’ = 8.8 µm; W = 6.3 -
7.1 µm; W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.05-) 1.12 - 1.50 (-1.58);
Q = 1.22 - 1.39; Q’ = 1.31).
[ image ]
muscaria var. guessowii
VeselýALG CA CM GL JL JP LZ MN MR OC PP PR RO SF SO SR
Extremely common. In recent American literature sometimes also
called "var. formosa" in error. In fact recent research
shows that these yellow-capped muscariod mushrooms are color variants of
A. amerimuscaria Tulloss & Geml nom. prov. Spores:
[120/6/6] (7.0-) 8.7 - 12.2 (-14.8) × (5.9-) 6.5 - 8.2 (-9.5) µm,
(L = 9.2 - 11.4 µm; L’ = 10.5 µm; W = 7.1 -
7.8 µm; W’ = 7.5 µm; Q = (1.09-) 1.27 - 1.56 (-1.70); Q =
1.30 - 1.49; Q’ = 1.42).)
[ image ]
persicina (Dav. T. Jenkins)
Tulloss & GemlEO SF
Only known regional collections from are Long Island, NY, and
northwestern NJ. Spores: [202/10/7] (8.0-) 9.2 - 12.0 (-15.8) ×
(5.5-) 6.4 - 8.3 (-11.1) µm, (L = 9.8 - 11.1 (-11.4) µm;
L’ = 10.6 µm; W = 6.8 - 7.6 (-7.8) µm; W’ = 7.3 µm;
Q = (1.19-) 1.33 - 1.61 (-1.75); Q = 1.43 - 1.50 (-1.52);
Q’ = 1.46).
[ image ]
praecox Y. Lamoureux nom.
prov.LAW PE PIK (=species 32 [Tulloss]
Yellow with a disk that becomes fulvous or at least darker after
collecting, white or pallid at margin, with universal veil absent or as
white, cottony patch; stipe soon exannulate; basidia without basal
clamps; nearly always associated with hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)
or northern hardwoods; one of the first amanitas to appear in June;
spores globose to subglobose, [286/14/13] (6.3-) 7.3 - 9.8 (-12.6) ×
(5.6-) 7.0 - 9.1 (-11.9) µm, (L = (7.6-) 7.9 - 9.3 µm;
L’ = 8.6 µm; W = (7.1-) 7.3 - 8.4 µm; W’ = 7.9 µm;
Q = 1.0 - 1.17 (-1.42); Q = 1.05 - 1.10 (-1.11); Q’ =
1.08).
[ image ]
roseitincta (Murrill)
Murrill* BD (=komarekensis Dav/ T. Jenkins
& Vinopal.) Relatively rare, only one site known from the
region. Volva appears to composed of two layers (pyramidal warts
on a powdery base)—to be seen in the above images. Bottom of
partial veil is often pink at first. All pigments fading rapidly
in sunlight. Spores: [336/10/7] (7.6-) 8.5 - 11.8 (-14.4) × (5.1-) 6.0 - 8.2
(-10.0) µm, (L = 9.2 - 10.9 µm; L' = 9.8 µm; W = 6.3 - 7.6 µm;
W' = 7.0 µm; Q = (1.09-) 1.20 - 1.69 (-2.08); Q = 1.33 - 1.50;
Q' = 1.42).)
[ image ]
velatipes
G. F. Atk.HU MW (≡A. pantherina var.
velatipes (G. F. Atk.) Dav. T. Jenkins.) Spores: 7.9 - 13.2
× 6.3 - 7.9 µm; Q’ = 1.43.
[ image ]
wellsii
(Murrill) MurrillLL MR SUL Uncommon to rare, only one
collection known from NJ and one from eastern PA. Pileus salmon to
orange, fading with age, with universal veil present as a yellow powdery
layer; stipe often yellow, bearing weakly structured median partial veil
(often deciduous), universal veil never limbate.&nsp; Known from
north of the tree line in eastern Canada with Alnus and in a
variety of heaths with dwarf Betula, dwarf Salix,
Empetrum, and/or Vaccinium; elsewhere, associates may
include Vaccinium (in cultivated blueberry fields),
Betula, Populus, and (?)conifers. The central
Appalachians is the known southern limit of this taxon's range.
Note the degree of fading due to exposure to sunlight in the pilei
depicted above. Spores: [395/19/14] (8.7-) 10.5 - 13.8 (-18.0) ×
(4.9-) 5.6 - 8.4 (-10.8) µm, (L = (10.6-) 11.5 - 13.0 (-13.2) µm;
L’ = 12.0 µm; W = (5.3-) 6.7 - 7.6 (- 8.6) µm; W’ =
7.1 µm; Q = (1.39-) 1.50 - 1.94 (-2.62); Q = (1.52-) 1.62 - 1.76
(-1.92); Q’ = 1.69).)
[ image ]
sp-34AW PE RO SCH I formerly believed this to represent A.
nivalis Peck non Grev. While I no longer feel this can
be maintained, I still feel this entity should be distinguished from
known species of both the gemmata and pantherina "groups";
small, slender, with cap mostly yellowish with more saturated color in
the center, with delicate white partial veil and fragile white ocreate
universal veil; spores: [60/3/3] (8.2-) 8.5 - 10.4 (-10.8) × (6.3-) 6.5 -
7.5 (-8.6) µm, (L = 9.0 - 9.7 µm; L’ = 9.4 µm;
W = 6.9 - 7.0 µm; W’ = 7.0 µm; Q = (1.19-) 1.22 - 1.48
(-1.55); Q = 1.29 - 1.40; Q’ = 1.36).
Spores of nivalis Peck per D. T. Jenkins' type study:
7.0 - 9.4 × 6.3 - 7.9 µm; Q' = 1.20.)
[image ]
sp-N08ERI.
Known from a single collection. Cap pale yellow (almost citrine)
with short striate margin; universal veil as submembranous patches.
Spores: [40/1/1] (8.4-) 9.1 - 10.5 (-11.2) × (5.6-) 5.9 -
6.6 (-7.3) μm, (L = 9.7 μm; W =
6.3 μm; Q = (1.34-) 1.42 - 1.66 (-1.71); Q =
1.55).
sp-S01JL
(=species 37. A pale yellow, tuberculate striate entity with
ephemeral partial veil. Before the bulb is unearthed, this taxon
gives the strong impression of a member of section
Vaginatae. Spores: [100/5/5] (8.4-) 8.7 - 11.2 (-12.2) ×
(5.9-) 6.2 - 7.3 (-7.7) µm, (L = 9.3 - 10.7 µm; L’ = 9.9
µm; W = 6.5 - 6.8 µm; W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.27-) 1.34 - 1.66
(-2.0); Q = 1.42 - 1.60; Q’ = 1.48).
[ image ]
Section Caesareae
Stipe lacking a bulb
at its base, having [at least initially] a membranous partial veil.
Having clamps at bases of basidia.
Amanita
banningiana Tulloss nom. prov.CAR HO LZ MW
OL
(=species 16.) Cap yellow-orange to yellow-bronze, brown umbo and
may be quite yellow in expanding button, with yellow lamellae &
stipe, annulate, with habit like that of a "small
jacksonii". Mary Banning, writing in 1888, apparently
recognized this entity as an "occasional form" of A. caesarea:
"Sometimes the pileus is ... burnt sienna color with yellowish
margin. It varies also in size." Spores: [274/14/11] (7.5-)
8.4 - 11.9 (-15.0) × (5.2-) 5.9 - 7.8 (-9.8) µm, (L = 8.9 - 10.6
(-11.5) µm; L’ = 10.0 µm; W = 6.3 - 7.0 (-7.3) µm;
W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.14-) 1.33 - 1.71 (-2.14); Q =
1.39 - 1.61 (-1.69); Q’ = 1.49).
[ image ]
pachysperma G. F. Atk.JP MQ (=species 47 =species N21.) A very small
mushroom with small white volval sac, with annulus (often lost) on
stipe, cap pale gray on margin, deep gray in disk,
sometimes with small white membranous patch of volva, in pine-oak
barrens. Spores: [204/10/5] (9.5-) 10.5 - 16.2 (-20.0) × (6.0-)
7.5 - 10.5 (-12.5) µm, (L = (11.3-) 11.7 - 14.5 µm; L’ =
13.1 µm; W = (8.1-) 8.6 - 9.7 µm; W’ = 9.0 µm;
Q = (1.12-) 1.26 - 1.75 (-2.10); Q = (1.30-) 1.31 - 1.64;
Q’ = 1.48).
[ image ]
spreta
(Peck) Sacc.CS OL PR SR (See also
A. murrilliana, above.
Uncommon. Cap ranges from cream to brownish gray to grayish brown,
often virgate. Partial veil often gray, especially after some
aging. Universal veil at stipe base usually a rather short saccate
volva. Spores: [154/8/8] (7.7-) 9.4 - 13.1 (-15.5) × (5.2-) 5.9 -
7.8 (-9.0) µm, (L = 9.9 - 12.4 µm; L’ = 11.4 µm;
W = 6.2 - 7.3 µm; W’ = 6.8 µm; Q = (1.40-) 1.49 - 1.89
(-2.11); Q = 1.60 - 1.81; Q’ = 1.67).
Spores (from the type per Jenkins): 10.2 - 13.3 × 5.5 - 7.0 µm;
Q’ = 1.86.)
[ image ]
cinderellae Tulloss nom. prov.WX (=species N4) Pale umbrinous gray, virgate pileus;
partial veil white above, gray below, then entirely gray, becoming lacerate and disappearing; universal veil as lumpy, fragile, limbate volva breaking up into thick, rounded warts, white, then graying. Spores: [60/3/3] (8.0-) 8.7 - 11.5 (-12.9) × (6.3-) 6.6 - 8.0 (-8.5) µm; L = 9.4 - 10.4 µm; L’ = 9.9 µm; W = 7.1 - 7.5 µm; W’ = 7.3 µm; Q = (1.22-) 1.25 - 1.50 (-1.58); Q = 1.33 - 1.39; Q’ = 1.36). [ image ]
cremeosorora Tulloss
nom. prov. MW (=species S3) Rather small fruiting
body with
exannulate stipe and white cupulate volva. Internal limb of volva
& (sometimes) part of external limb separated from cupulate volva by
strangulate
zone. Pileus is white to off-white to cream with marginal striae
and
bears small patches or warts of volva concolorous with those on the
stipe
base. Spores: [20/1/1] (8.4-) 9.1 - 10.5 (-11.5) × (7.7-) 8.4 -
9.4
(-10.5) µm, (L = 9.8 µm; W = 9.1 µm; Q = 1.03 - 1.17;
Q =
1.08).
[ image ]
dulciarii Tulloss nom.
prov.FPP PP (=species 49.) Brown-orange to brown pileus, stipe at first with pale orange “powdered-sugar-frosting” which grays or browns with age and handling; universal veil of ceciliae type (but pale orangish at first, graying or browning with age); spores: [60/2/2] (8.5-) 9.0 - 12.2 (-15.5) × (8.0-) 8.5 - 11.0 (-12.5) µm; L = 9.8 - 10.7 µm; L’ = 10.1 µm; W = 9.0 - 9.8 µm; W’ = 9.3 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.05 - 1.14 (-1.27); Q = 1.08 - 1.09;
Q’ = 1.09).)
[image ]
Amanita penetratrix
Tulloss nom. prov.COL.
Having the stem deeply inserted in the substrate to half or more of its
length, a pronounced and hard umbo on the center of the cap pigmented in
shades of white to gray to brown. Spores: [60/3/3] (8.8-)
9.1 - 12.2 (-14.5) × (7.4-) 8.2 - 11.0 (-13.6) μm,
(L = 10.2 - 11.2 μm; L' = 10.6 μm;
W = 9.0 - 10.1 μm; W' = 9.5 μm;
Q = (1.04-) 1.05 - 1.25 (-1.34);
Q = 1.09 - 1.16; Q' = 1.12).
[ image ]
populiphilaNOR. Associated with Populus. A whitish
species with a fragile, submembranous universal veil. The mushroom
is liable to orangish staining. Spores: [1200/61/24]
(7.0-) 9.2 - 12.5 (-21) × (6.0-) 8.5 - 11.5 (-15.8)
µm, (L = (10.0-) 10.1 - 11.9 (-12.3) µm;
L’ = 10.9 µm; W = (8.9-) 9.1 - 10.7
(-11.1) µm; W’ = 9.9 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.04 -
1.20 (-1.61); Q = (1.06-) 1.08 - 1.15 (-1.19);
Q’ = 1.11).
[ image ]
rasitabula Tulloss nom.
prov.PE RO WAAmanita vaginata var.
alba is a European taxon. The eastern North American
entity appears to have a universal veil with a considerably weaker
structure and, possibly, smaller spores. Spores (from A.
rasitabula): [47/3/3] (8.8-) 9.0 - 11.0 (-13.0) × (7.5-) 8.0 - 10.0
(-10.3) µm, (L = 9.6 - 10.4 µm; L' =
9.9 µm; W = 8.6 - 9.2 µm; W' = 8.9 µm; Q = (1.0-)
1.05 - 1.22 (-1.27); Q = 1.10 - 1.12; Q' = 1.11).
Spores (from European specimens of A. vaginata var. alba):
[100/4/4] (8.6-) 9.8 - 12.8 (-17.0) × (7.0-) 8.5 - 12.0 (-13.5) µm,
(L = 10.8 - 11.9 µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = 9.5 -
11.0 µm; W’ = 10.3 µm; Q = (1.02-) 1.04 - 1.22 (-1.82);
Q = 1.08 - 1.14; Q’ = 1.11).
[ image ]
rhacopus
Lamoureux ex Lamoureux in Lambert et al. CAR LZ MCK PE RO SR
The stipe is
exannulate with a "snakeskin" pattern of brownish gray fibrillose
scales on a
pallid ground color. Near the base is a strangulate zone with
graying
whole or partial ring(s) above and/or below it. The volval
remnants at
the stipe base are cupulate.
DNA sequencing presently critical to ID. The cap may be
gray brown or browner, often
darkest over disc; however, the color is variable and cap color
cannot distinguish this species form texasorora (below).
The volval remnants on the cap are white at first but
quickly become friable and dark gray. Spores: [80/4/4] (7.7-)
9.4 - 12.0
(-14.2) × (7.0-) 8.8 - 11.2 (-13.5) µm, (L = 10.0 - 11.0 µm;
L’ =
10.5 µm; W = 9.3 - 10.5 µm; W’ = 10.0 µm; Q = (1.0-)
1.02 - 1.11
(-1.12); Q = 1.04 - 1.07; Q’ = 1.06). The range of
this taxon probably extends into southern Canada.
[ image ]
rooseveltensisES LB LZ MR PR RO SP SR WX (NB: RET now considers
the entity I formerly denoted by "species 1" as being identical with
species 17; but still, I wonder if there isn't more than one species
here—something beyond rooseveltensis.) Gray-brown
to gray "vaginata-like," volval sac quite
distinct from stipe trama, gills narrow, pileipellis sometimes
drying color of
cast iron; spores: [315/16/14] (6.6-) 8.4 - 12.2 (-16.8) × (5.2-)
6.3 - 8.4 (-11.9) µm, (L = 9.2 - 10.8 (-10.9) µm; L’ =
10.1 µm; W = 7.1 - 7.8 (-8.0) µm; W’ = 7.5 µm; Q =
(1.05-) 1.17 - 1.55 (-1.80); Q = (1.21-) 1.27 - 1.44; Q’ =
1.35).
[ image ]
sinicoflava
TullossPE RO SF SR SX (=species 2.) Rather
common, but often not correctly identified. Note that the saccate
volva weakens and darkens with age from the top down. Spores:
[645/33/25] (8.0-) 9.1 - 12.1 (-15.4) × (7.0-) 8.4 - 11.5 (-15.4) µm,
(L = (9.5-) 9.8 - 11.4 (-11.7) µm; L’ = 10.6 µm; W
= (8.7-) 9.0 - 10.6 (-10.8) µm; W’ = 10.0 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.14
(-1.26); Q = 1.04 - 1.09 (-1.10); Q’ = 1.06).)
[ image ]
texasorora
Tulloss et al. nom. prov. SR Rather
common, but often not correctly identified.
DNA sequencing presently critical to ID. Note that the saccate
volva weakens and darkens with age from the top down. Spores:
[40/2/2] (9.8-) 10.0 - 12.0 (-13.1) × (9.1-) 9.5 -
11.5 (-12.9) µm, (L = 11.2 - 11.3 µm;
L' = 11.0 µm; W = 10.2 - 10.7 µm;
W' = 10.4 µm; Q = 1.02 - 1.09 (-1.10);
Q = 1.04 - 1.07; Q' = 1.05).
[ image ]
vaginata sensu lato auct. amer.AW WXAmanita vaginata is a European species that is interpreted
differently from author to author.) The spores should be globose.
williamsiae* BD
PW (=williamsiae Tulloss nom. prov., medium to
large, pale yellow cap with brownish umbo in age, long saccate white
volva. In the early 20th Cent., Mrs. E. M. Williams
recognized a "yellowish form"
of "vaginata" around Washington, D. C. from which area the late
Dr. K. H. McKnight collected this entity. Mrs. Vera McKnight has
shown me an excellent watercolor she painted of this presumed
taxon. Spores: [20/1/1] 11.9 - 15.0 (-15.7) × (9.5-) 10.1 - 12.6
(-14.0) µm, (L = 13.4 µm; W = 11.4 µm; Q = 1.06 - 1.28;
= 1.18).)
[ image ]
xanthomitra Tulloss nom.
prov.ADA CLA SR At first, yellowish olive over much of
pileus surrounded by a yellow zone and with a white marginal zone; with
the colored zones moving toward the pileus margin, and then
disappearing; finally, appearing like a brownish olive "ceciliae"
with dark gray, at times nearly black, volval warts crowded over the
disc; of the volva at the stipe base, only the limbus internus is
easily seen; as time passes this material remains only as a black wavy
line about 1 - 2 cm from the very base of the stipe. Spores:
[60/3/1] (7.7-) 8.4 - 13.3 (-13.6) × (7.3-) 8.0 - 13.3 µm, (L =
9.5 - 11.0 µm; L’ = 10.1 µm; W = 9.1 - 10.6 µm; W’
= 9.7 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.08 (-1.09); Q = 1.03 - 1.04; Q’ =
1.04).
[ image ]
sp-21MW Large
fruiting body; with thick, white, buried volva; form & color
(pale olive with cream zone to deeper brown disk with tan margin from
same site) slightly reminiscent of color pattern in European
umbrinolutea, but spores too small (see (Moser, 1983) and
(E. J. Gilbert, 1940 & 1941)); zonate pileus not a constant feature;
lamellae dry from a sordid yellowish cream to a lovely pale orange
[need to check this range again]; spores:
[40/2/2] 8.0 - 10.1 × 7.7 - 9.8 µm, (L = 9.1 - 9.3 µm;
L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 8.7 - 9.0 µm; W’ = 8.9 µm;
Q = 1.0 - 1.08 (-1.11); Q = 1.03 - 1.04; Q’ = 1.04).
[ image ]
sp-22 Red-brown pileus showing
zonation;
red-brown, adder-patterned stipe; large basidiocarp; spores too small
for A. umbrinolutea; spores: [20/1/1] (8.4-) 9.1 - 9.8 (-11.9) × 7.7 -
9.1 (-9.8) µm, (L = 9.5 µm; W = 8.4 µm; Q = (1.04-)
1.09 - 1.21 (-1.24); Q = 1.13).
[ image ]
sp-26* GL Small, somewhat
ceciliae-like species, with more hyphae in universal veil than
ceciliae and with much smaller spores, brown pileus; spores:
[20/1/1] (7.0-) 8.4 - 9.8 (-10.5) × 7.0 - 9.1 (-10.5) µm, (L =
8.8 µm; W = 8.4 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.13 (-1.18);
Q = 1.05).)
sp-31 Bronze-yellow, with thin and
flimsy universal veil sometimes left in graying patches on disk; spores:
[25/1/1] 9.4 - 11.9 (-13.3) × (7.7-) 8.4 - 9.4 (-11.2) µm,
(Q = 1.20).
[ image ]
oldwickensisOL
(=oldwickensis Tulloss nom. prov.) Irregular pileus
zonation, deep umber, sepia, ochraceous-umber to paler pileus, sometimes
with hint of olivaceous; disk can be darker or lighter than surrounding
color; large; stipe with dark fibrils on cream surface; perhaps close to
species 22, above (but separated by spore size and pileus pigmentation);
stipe base rather squared off inside saccate volva; spores: [80/4/3]
(10.5-) 10.8 - 13.5 (-16.0) × (8.8-) 9.8 - 12.2 (-14.2) µm, (L =
10.2 - 12.5 µm; L’ = 12.0 µm; W = 10.2 - 11.6 µm;
W’ = 11.0 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.04 - 1.16 (-1.17); Q = 1.08 -
1.11; Q’ = 1.09).
[ image ]
sp-45RO Pale brown pileus, tuberculate striate
margin, volva can be left as calyptra on pileus. Spores: [20/1/1]
(8.8-) 9.5 - 12.5 (-15.0) × (8.5-) 9.2 - 11.2 (-14.0) µm,
(L = 11.0 µm; W = 10.4 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.13;
Q = 1.06).
sp-46RO Large mushroom; disk dark umbrinous,
else pileus virgate; brown stipe fibrils. Spores: [20/1/1] 9.0 -
10.8 × 8.5 - 9.8 (-10.5) µm, (L = 9.9 µm; W = 9.3 µm;
Q = 1.0 - 1.11 (-1.19); Q = 1.07).
sp-48 Small mushroom with brown to very dark brown pileus, having
pallid and graying patches of friable universal veil on it; stipe
exannulate; spores: [40/2/2] (9.0-) 10.2 - 13.1 (-14.4) × (8.0-)
9.5 - 12.0 (-13.0) µm, (L = 11.2 - 11.8 µm; L’ = 11.5 µm;
W = 10.4 - 10.9 µm; W’ = 10.6 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.04 - 1.14
(-1.16); Q = 1.08 - 1.09; Q’ = 1.09).
?sp-51? Pale umbrinous gray, subvirgate (10× lens) pileus;
exannulate; volva white, saccate, with uneven lobes. Spores: [20/1/1]
[measured from fresh gill] ? × ? µm, (L = ?; W = ?; Q = ;
Q = ).
sp-56BB JL
This is a species of the "rhacopus-texasorora group" that
has been segregated by molecular study. Spores:
[40/1/1] (8.0-) 8.8 - 10.5 (-14.5) × (7.5-) 8.3 -
10.0 (-14.4) μm, (L = 9.6 μm; W = 9.0
μm; Q = (1.02-) 1.03 - 1.10 (-1.35); Q =
1.06).
[ image ]
sp-58ALG WX Cap gray-brown
in two of three to four zones, paler (ca. 10YR 6/4) in remaining
zone(s). Spores: ??.
[ image ]
sp-GSM07PP The pileus is zonate, with disc and area over
marginal striations dark brown to fuligineous at maturity and with a
brown intermediate zone. The region of the marginal striations
may be quite pallid at first. The stipe is exannulate, often
bearing dark fibrils and may turn entirely gray in age. The volva
is saccate with a limbus internus placed well above the sac's point of
attachment to the stipe. The height of the limbus internus
is about 20% - 25% of the distance from its point of connection to the
volval limb to the highest point of the sac. Spores: [20/1/1]
12.3 - 14.5 (-15.5) × (11.1-) 11.7 - 13.1 (-13.7) µm, (L =
13.4 µm; L’ = 13.4 µm; W = 12.3 µm; W’ = 12.3 µm;
Q = 1.04 - 1.13 (-1.19); Q = 1.09; Q’ = 1.09).
[ image ]
sp-N09LB
Very small to small species of New England hemlock-hardwood forests
(at least in New Jersey and New York); brown cap spotted with pale
yellowish or cream areas [only sometimes including disc as seen in photo
by Richard Balsley, above]. Stipe can be off-white to pale brown
or pale gray. The volval sac is off-white to buff and robust,
infrequently leaving a patch on the cap. Spores: [83/4/4] (8.0-)
9.4 - 14.7 (-17.1) × (7.0-) 9.1 - 13.3 (-16.8) µm; L = 10.8 -
12.2 µm; L' = 11.5 µm; W = 10.0 - 11.4 µm; W' =
10.7 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.14 (-1.20); Q = 1.06 - 1.08; Q' =
1.07).
[ image ]
sp-N30 Pale brownish gray
with paler ring between inner ends of striae and disk; stipe chalky
white, exannulate; with submembranous, cracking, torn, white volval sac;
spores: [80/3/3] (7.2-) 8.5 - 11.2 (-12.2) × (6.0-) 7.5 - 10.0 (-11.2)
µm, (L = 9.6 - 10.3 µm; L’ = 9.9 µm; W = 8.5 - 9.0
µm; W’ = 8.7 µm; Q = (1.02-) 1.07 - 1.22 (-1.26); Q =
1.13 - 1.14; Q’ = 1.14).)
[ image ]
sp-N65 Cap
brown over disc, otherwise tan to pinkish tan, distinctly to
indistinctly virgate.
Spores: ??.
[ image ]
Subgenus Lepidella
Spores amyloid.
Section Amidella
Margin appendiculate—at least at first. Volva as a multilayered,
thick-limbed, sac on a bulbless stipe base. Many taxa in this
section have the unusual combination of amyloid spores with a striate
cap margin and truncate lamellae. Species in this section often
require microscopic examination for certain identification. A
frequent exception is species 50. [RET has personal correct field
ID rate of around 75%—inadequate.] Many species in this section
will stain pinkish (sometimes very briefly) if collected in moist
weather or otherwise in very fresh condition. Toxicity of North
American taxa of sect. Amidella is unknown.)
volvata (Peck) Lloyd* CAR
HI Uncommon, but locally plentiful. Larger than A. dolichopus and A. pseudovolvata and with much denser layer of flocculence at the top of the stipe. Spores: [1223/61/45] (5.8-) 8.4 - 12.3 (-14.2) × (4.5-) 5.2 - 7.2 (-9.0) µm, (L = (8.6-) 9.0 - 11.8 (-12.4) µm; L’ = 10.3 µm; W = (5.1-) 5.5 - 6.8 (-7.6) µm; W’ = 6.2 µm; Q = (1.16-) 1.35 - 1.94 (-2.45); Q = (1.39-) 1.48 - 1.93 (-2.02); Q’ = 1.65). [ image ]
whetstoneae Tulloss nom. prov.ADA CAR FRA LZ MON RO
(=species 50) Uncommon, but locally plentiful. Largest
species in the group in N. America (although all the "large" taxa can
have smaller fruiting bodies); long, tubular volval sac; brick-red
staining in age not prominent; pileus tends to become tannish with age
(only known taxon among N. American Amidella species to do
so. Spores: [1070/52/43] (7.0-) 8.8 - 12.0 (-14.1) × (4.2-) 4.8 -
6.5 (-8.2) µm, (L = (8.4-) 9.0 - 11.2 (-11.6) µm; L’ =
10.3 µm; W = (4.7-) 5.0 - 6.1 (-6.8) µm; W’ = 5.5 µm;
Q = (1.28-) 1.54 - 2.19 (-2.69); Q = (1.61-) 1.66 - 2.04 (-2.13);
Q’ = 1.87).
[ image ]
Section Lepidella
Cap margin appendiculate -- at least when young. Stipe often, but
not always, bearing a bulb. Volva rarely limbate, never as a
thick-limbed, multilayered sac on a bulbless stipe
base. A number of species in this section have been found
to contain a non-protein amino acid that is a severe threat to the human
kidney and liver.
canescens Dav. T.
JenkinsJP MN MQ? RP SR? (=species 6)
Locally common. A robust species with weakly attached partial veil
and golden orange to pale salmon to orangish white fibrils on the stipe
(especially after handling). Spores: [125/6/5] (6.5-) 7.5 - 10.8
(-12.0) × (4.5-) 4.8 - 6.0 (-6.8) µm, (L = 8.3 - 9.5 µm;
L’ = 8.9 µm; W = 5.0 - 5.7 µm; W’ = 5.3 µm;
Q = (1.35-) 1.46 - 1.94 (-2.16); Q = 1.60 - 1.75; Q’ =
1.67).
[ image ]
chlorinosma (Peck in Austin)
LloydEO MN? Uncommon. Known outside NJ in
the region of study from a single Long Island collection. Spores:
[85/4/4] (7.5-) 8.0 - 11.0 (-12.2) × (4.5-) 4.7 - 6.5 (-7.5) µm,
(L = 8.5 - 10.2 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 5.1 - 6.1 µm;
W’ = 5.5 µm; Q = (1.37-) 1.45 - 2.02 (-2.35); Q = 1.52 -
1.81; Q’ = 1.69).)
[ image ]
cinereopannosa BasCLA
Uncommon. The gray warts on an expanding cap suggest
mudpies made by tiny creatures even the fingerprints seem to
be visible. Fresh material often has the odor of biscuit
dough. Spores: [150/6/6] (8.0-) 8.8 - 12.0 (-14.1) ×
(4.9-) 5.2 - 7.0 (-8.3) µm, (L = 9.5 - 10.9 µm;
L’ = 10.2 µm; W = 5.6 - 6.1 µm; W’ =
6.0 µm; Q = (1.30-) 1.50 - 2.0 (-2.40); Q = 1.63 -
1.82; Q’ = 1.72).)
[ image ]
daucipes
(Mont.) Lloyd* ADA AW BT FRA FUL LB NOR PR SO
YC Uncommon (?), but
locally plentiful.
Universal veil turns pink to salmon. Often, a felted or subfelted
piece of the universal veil's limbus internus is present at the
base of the stipe, above the bulb. Spores: [100/5/5] (8.0-) 9.1 -
11.5 (-13.8) × (5.3-) 5.5 - 7.2 (-9.9) µm, (L = 9.8 - 10.8 µm;
L’ = 10.2 µm; W = 6.0 - 6.5 µm; W’ = 6.2 µm;
Q = (1.22-) 1.48 - 1.82 (-1.93); Q = 1.57 - 1.68; Q’ =
1.64).
[ image ]
limbatula
BasLZ SK Rare. Known from type locality on
Long Island, NY. Spores: [51/2/2] (7.3-) 8.0 - 12.2 × 4.5 -
7.0 µm, (L = 10.1 - 10.2 µm; L’ = 10.2 µm; W =
W’ = 5.5 µm; Q = (1.44-) 1.54 - 2.29 (-2.35); Q = 1.82 -
1.87; Q’ = 1.85).
longipes Bas ex Tulloss &
Dav. T. Jenkins* AW BB HP HU JP OC PP RO SK SR WA
Common in the coastal plain. Spores: [820/41/41] (7.2-) 9.8 - 14.0
(-21) × (3.9-) 4.6 - 6.3 (-9.8) µm, (L = (10.3-) 10.4 - 12.7
(-13.6) µm; L’ = 11.8 µm; W = (4.5-) 4.8 - 5.9 (-6.3) µm;
W’ = 5.4 µm; Q = (1.50-) 1.75 - 2.63 (-3.50); Q = (1.85-)
1.94 - 2.48 (-2.51); Q’ = 2.20).)
[ image ]
magniradix Tulloss
nom. prov. ALG HR MON MW SP (=species 9) Uncommon.
Picture on the left is typical (root so long that the collector fails to
get it all). Picture in center is atypical (root has clear
terminus). Sometimes with yellowing partial veil flocculence, with
pileipellis extending several mm (sterile margin) beyond the end of the
lamellae; deeply rooting, pointed browning warts on pileus.
Spores: [250/12/12] (6.5-) 8.4 - 11.7 (-14.7) × (4.3-) 4.5 - 6.3 (-7.8)
µm, (L = (8.7-) 9.1 - 11.0 µm; L’ = 10.1 µm; W =
4.9 - 6.1 (-6.2) µm; W’ = 5.4 µm; Q = (1.43-) 1.57 - 2.18 (-2.89);
Q = 1.69 - 1.97 (-2.17); Q’ = 1.86).
[ image ]
microlepis BasPR Rare, known from a single site in the region.
Gills are cafe-au-lait. Spores: [55/3/3] (8.2-) 8.4 - 10.8 ×
(5.6-) 5.9 - 7.3 (-8.0) µm, (L = 9.3 - 9.9 µm; L’ =
9.5 µm; W = 6.2 - 7.0 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.22-)
1.27 - 1.60 (-1.86); Q = 1.36 - 1.51; Q’ = 1.45.
[ image ]
mutabilis Beardslee* FPP JP OC Uncommon. Apparently restricted to
the coastal plain. First known site (in Lakehurst) has been
destroyed by development. Odor of anise, raspberry-sherbert
staining reaction when cut or
broken. Spores: [195/9/8] (8.7-) 10.0 - 14.6 (-18.9) × (5.0-)
6.0 - 8.0 (-12.6) µm, (L = 11.0 - 12.6 (-13.8) µm; L’ =
12.0 µm; W = 6.6 - 7.6 (-8.3) µm; W’ = 7.1 µm; Q = (1.30-)
1.50 - 1.90 (-2.10); Q = (1.60-) 1.65 - 1.78; Q’ =
1.70).)
[ image ]
parva (Murrill) MurrillJP (=species 3.) Rare, known from a single site in the region
(in sandy, pine-oak barrens). Very small species with powdery white cap when freshly expanded, with small, upstanding, weakly submembranous ridge
(often partial) around top of bulb a small distance from the stipe base. Spores: [75/4/2] (9.2-) 11.2 - 14.0 (-17.1) × (4.7-) 4.9 - 6.0 (-8.6) µm,
(L = 12.1 - 12.7 µm; L' = 12.5 µm; W = 5.3 - 5.5 µm; W' = 5.4 µm; Q = (1.44-) 2.09 - 2.60 (-2.76); Q = 2.25 - 2.39;
Q' = 2.32).)
polypyramis (Berk. &
Curt.) Sacc.WA Rare in the region; known only from
a single site. Pileus can be the size of a dinner plate -- a very
large fruiting body. Spores: [285/13/11] (7.0-) 9.1 - 13.0 (-17.5)
× (5.2-) 5.9 - 7.7 (-9.5) µm, (L = (9.0-) 10.0 - 12.1 µm;
L’ = 11.4 µm; W = 6.5 - 7.2 (-7.4) µm;
W’ = 6.8 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.38 - 1.93 (-2.02);
Q = (1.35-) 1.50 - 1.81; Q’ = 1.67).
[ image ]
ravenelii (Berk. & Curt.)
Sacc.HO MR Uncommon. The range of this
species lies predominantly in the southeastern US. Warts like
hills with radial erosion on sides rest on a fibrous bottom layer of
volva (definitive field character); bulb from top-shaped to
irregular.
Spores: [285/13/11] (7.0-) 8.0 - 11.9 (14.0) × (4.6-) 5.2 - 7.7 (-8.5)
µm, (L = (8.3-) 8.5 - 11.1 µm; L’ = 9.7; W = 5.6 -
7.0 (-7.4) µm; W’ = 6.3 µm; Q = (1.23-) 1.33 - 1.81 (-2.50);
Q = 1.46 - 1.64 (-1.81); Q’ = 1.54).)
[ image ]
rhopalopus BasBUC HR YOR Uncommon to rare. Bulb is rooting, but with a
distinct and rather abrupt terminus. Spores: [110/5/5] (7.3-)
8.0 - 10.9 (-12.5) × (4.8-) 5.4 - 6.8 (-8.1) µm, (L = 8.6 -
10.0 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 5.9 - 6.4 µm;
W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.19-) 1.32 - 1.745 (-1.88);
Q = 1.46 - 1.61; Q’ = 1.52).)
[ image ]
scalaris
Tulloss nom. prov.* JP OC (=species 4)
The Ocean Co. site has been destroyed by development. Common at
the best known site, which unfortunately has suffered greatly from
damage by motorized
off-road vehicles. Scant or felted partial veil; at times with
rather large polygonal based, truncate pyramidal warts, occasionally
areolate, having
terraced top of napiform bulb; spores: [75/4/3] (8.5-) 11.8 - 15.5
(-17.0) × (4.0-) 4.2 - 5.5 (-6.0) µm, (L = 13.1 - 14.0 µm;
L’ = 13.6 µm; W = 4.6 - 5.2 µm; W’ = 4.9 µm;
Q = (1.89-) 2.28 - 3.29 (-3.60); Q =2.61 - 2.98; Q’ =
2.81).
[ image ]
subcokeri Tulloss nom. prov.
* BT FPP JP MW OC? OL RO (=species 5)
Common. Having large rooting
bulb with recurved scales, occasionally having “doubled” partial veil,
odorous (burnt sugar mixed with cedar chest), acquiring rusty to pinkish
to brick red spots,
with warts on pileus liable to attack by Penicillium sp., spores
too small for A. cokeri. Spores:
[461/23/23]
(8.0-) 10.2 - 14.0 (-19.076. ) × (5.2-) 5.9 - 7.5 (-10.9) µm, (L =
(10.7-) 10.8 - 13.6 (-13.8) µm; L’ = 12.1 µm; W = (6.0-)
6.1 - 7.0 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.33-) 1.57 - 2.17 (-2.82);
Q = (1.59-) 1.64 - 2.02 (-2.11); Q’ = 1.85).
[ image ]
subsolitaria (Murrill)
Murrill* BP HI JP MQ OC RC RO TR WA
(=A. solitariiformis (Murrill) Murrill =A. crassifolia
Bas nom. prov.) Uncommon outside the coastal plain.
Common within the coastal plain. Moderately rooting, carrot-like
bulb; usually a few forking gills can be found. Spores:
[596/27/27]
(7.3-) 9.1 - 14.0 (-21) × (3.5-) 4.2 - 5.2 (-6.5) µm, (L =
(8.9-) 9.6 - 12.7 (-13.6) µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = (4.1-)
4.3 - 5.1 µm; W’ = 4.6 µm; Q = (1.57-) 2.0 - 3.0 (-3.83);
Q = (2.03-) 2.21 - 2.79 (-2.81); Q’ = 2.47).
This entity, apparently when infected by one or more imperfect fungi
and/or bacteria,
produces sterile or small-spored basidiocarps that become brilliant
yellow or yellow-orange on exposure to air. In this condition,
Q is highly variable.
Spores from material determined as A. crassifolia:
[45/2/2] (6.6-) 8.7 - 11.5 (-14.0) × (4.2-) 4.5 - 6.0 (-6.3) µm,
(L = 10.2 - 10.3 µm;
L’ = 10.2 µm; W = 5.1 - 5.5 µm; W’ = 5.3 µm;
Q = (1.47-) 1.72 - 2.22 (-2.50); Q = 1.89 - 1.99;
Q’ = 1.95).
[ image ]
tephrea Bas nom. prov.CH HU MN Uncommon. Only recently collected
in this region. Previously known from the Carolinas and
mid-Appalchians. Spores: [139/6/6] (7.5-) 8.6 - 12.4 (-17.1) ×
(5.2-) 5.6 - 8.0 (-9.6) µm,
(L = 9.1 - 11.2 µm; L’ = 10.6 µm; W = 6.0 - 7.3 µm;
W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.29-) 1.35 - 1.95 (-2.56); Q = 1.51 -
1.75; Q’ = 1.61).
[ image ]
sp-11AW Macroscopically very similar
to onusta, but with radically different spores. Known in
the region only from a single collection. Spores: [15/1/1]
(9.8-) 10.5 - 12.3 (12.6) × 4.9 - 5.6 (-6.3) µm, (L = 11.3 µm;
W = 5.3 µm; Q = 1.88 - 2.43 (-2.50); Q = 2.16).
sp-30PA (Known only from a single regional
collection. Strong odor, double partial veil. Spores:
[15/1/1]
9.1 - 10.5 × (5.6-) 6.3 - 7.0 µm, (L = 10.1 µm; W =
6.4 µm; Q = 1.44 - 1.70 (-1.88); Q = 1.58).
species 38CH HP MO SM Uncommon. Formerly,
I assigned the collections included here to A. cinereoconia var.
cinereoconia; but this appears to be an error. This entity
can be rather large with a naked ventricose bulb and a pileus covered
with gray dust sometimes compressed into submembranous rags.
Spores: [60/2/2] (8.0-) 8.4 - 11.9 (-12.6) × 5.6 - 7.3 (-7.7) µm,
(L = 9.4 - 11.4 µm; L’ = 10.1 µm; W = 6.2 - 6.8 µm;
W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.14-) 1.25 - 1.95 (-2.12); Q = 1.39 -
1.86; Q’ = 1.55).
[ image ]
sp-39HO SR Uncommon. Middle-sized,
white at first, then with radial tan fibrils, chlorine-type odor,
liable to hypomycization, cracking of bulb causes misdiagnosis as
A. cokeri; it is possible that this
material could be assignable to
A. canescens. I previously
included this taxon under A. spissa var.
alba Coker. Spores: [60/3/3] (6.5-) 7.5 - 9.8 (-11.9)
× (4.0-) 4.2 - 5.6 (-6.3) µm, (L = 8.0 - 9.0 µm; L’ = 8.4
µm; W = 4.8 - 5.2 µm; W’ = 5.0 µm; Q = (1.25-) 1.51 -
1.92 (-2.21); Q = 1.65 - 1.74; Q’ = 1.69).
[ image ]
All regional taxa in this section should be assumed to contain deadly
amatoxins (also called amanitins), although the concentration can vary
greatly
from one specimen to another even within a single species. Soft
to firm stipe bulb with limbate volva, not complexly layered; pileus
margin not
appendiculate. Stipe always with a membranous
(rarely felted, in A.
magnivelaris) partial veil. Basidia usually rather short and
always lacking basal clamps on basidia.
bisporigera
G. F. Atk.* AW BV CQ FPP HO HR HW JL JP LZ MQ MW NOR OC PP RO SF WA
WX YC Extremely common. Contains deadly
amatoxins. Reacts brilliant yellow to 5% - 10% KOH solution.
Has 2-sterigmate basidia (in this character, unique in U.S.
destroying angels).
More slender and less likely to discolor than A. sturgeonii,
below. Spores: [452/19/16] (5.2-) 7.2 - 9.9 (-11.0) × (4.8-) 6.5 -
8.6 (-10.0) µm, (L = (7.8-) 7.9 - 9.2 (-9.6) µm; L’ =
8.4 µm; W = (7.0-) 7.1 - 8.1 (-8.2) µm; W’ = 7.5 µm; Q =
(1.0-) 1.02 - 1.25 (-1.70); Q = (1.05-) 1.06 - 1.18 (-1.20);
Q’ = 1.11).)
[ image ]
elliptosperma
G. F. Atk. There are a
number of similar species that are addressed on the taxon page for A.
elliptosperma. The specimen reported here is labeled simply
"northern New Jersey." Contains deadly amatoxins. Spores
[including type]: [807/35/30] (6.8-) 8.3 - 11.5 (-16.3) × (4.8-) 5.8 -
8.0 (-11.0) µm,
(L = (8.7-) 8.8 - 10.8 (-11.5) µm; L’ = 9.8 µm; W =
(5.5-) 6.0 - 7.7 (-8.0) µm; W’ = 6.8 µm; Q = (1.12-) 1.26 - 1.66
(-2.29); Q = (1.32-) 1.35 - 1.57 (-1.65);
Q’ = 1.44).
helmettensisJP WA
Whitish to slightly sordid, small, suggesting bisporigera
including yellow reaction to KOH
and negative reaction to L-tyrosine, basidia 4-spored, but spores
often broadly ellipsoid. Probably contains deadly amatoxins.
Known as far north as the New Jersey pine barrens. Presently
distinguishable by DNA.
Spores: [85/4/4] (4.9-) 8.0 - 10.1 (-11.2) × (4.2-) 7.0 - 8.7 (-9.4) µm,
Q = (1.09-) 1.16 - 1.17).
[ image ]
Amanita magnivelaris
PeckCUM. This species is unusual in the
Phalloideae because it has a felted, cream partial veil rather than
a thin, white, membranous one.
Spores: [110/4/4] (8.0-) 8.7 -11.2 (-11.5) × (5.8-) 5.9 - 7.5 (-7.8) μm,
(L = 9.6 - 9.9 μm; L' = 9.8 μm; W = 6.5 - 6.9 μm;
W' = 6.8 μm; Q = (1.25-) 1.29 - 1.60 (-1.71); Q =
1.40 - 1.50; Q' = 1.45).
[ image ]
phalloides (Fr. : Fr.) Link
in WilldenowAT BV CU JL LZ MW RO Contains deadly
amatoxins.
Locally plentiful. Sickly sweet (or "honey-like") odor develops by
maturity. Widely dispersed by the exportation of European host
trees: Argentina, Australia (ACT), Canada, Europe, Japan, Madagascar,
Mexico, Morocco,
New Zealand, South Africa, Tanzania, Turkey, USA, ?Uruguay. Spores:
[296/15/14] (7.5-) 8.0 - 10.1 (-13.5) × (5.5-) 6.1 - 8.0 (-10.5) µm,
(L = 8.3 - 9.3 (-9.5) µm; L’ = 8.9 µm; W = (6.4-)
6.8 - 7.4 µm; W’ = 7.1 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.12 - 1.47 (-1.70);
Q = 1.20 - 1.33 (-1.40); Q’ = 1.26).
[ image ]
sturgeonii A robust
species
that gets brown or gray over the center of the cap with exposure.
It can
be deadly and has killed a person who ingested it. It has been
referred
to A. bisporigera (above) in the past. Unbpublished
molecular
studies have shown that the two taxa are not one. Spores: [53/1/1]
(6.8-) 7.5 - 9.5 (-10.2) × (6.2-) 7.0 - 9.0 (-9.2) μm,
(L = 8.5 μm;
W = 7.9 μm; Q = 1.0 - 1.14 (-1.20); Q =1.07).
[ image ]
suballiacea
(Murrill) Murrill CLA LZ Another white "destroying
angel." In the eastern USA, this species can be distinguished by
spore size and shape. This species stains yellow with 5-10% KOH
as do many others. Spores: [97/5/4] (7.2-) 8.0 - 10.5
(-11.5) × 6.5 - 8.8 (-9.2) μm, (L = 8.7 - 10.1 μm; L' =
9.1 μm; W = 7.2 - 8.0 μm; W' = 7.5 μm; Q = (1.04-)
1.11 - 1.39 (-1.50); Q = 1.20 - 1.28; Q' = 1.22).
[ image ]
Universal veil almost always friable, appearing as a small limb only in taxa with a marginate stipe bulb. Stipe always annulate. Pilei may be brightly colored. Basidia usually rather short and always lacking basal clamps. While some of the taxa in this section may not contain a hemolytic compound, a number of them do. Therefore, ingestion of species in this section without thorough cooking is to be strongly discouraged. Experimentation with eating amanitas is not a good idea at any rate.
Amanita
aureosubucula Tulloss & K. W. Hughes
nom. prov.*
[ image ]
[ page ]
This is a common "rubescens" of eastern Canada and the eastern US.
It is distinct from the European
A. rubescens. Spores:
[95/3/3] (7.0-) 7.5 - 10.0 (-11.2) × (4.9-) 5.5
- 7.0 (-8.3) μm, (L = 8.4- 9.2 μm; L' =
8.7 μm; W = 5.9 - 6.3 μm; W' = 6.1 μm;
Q = (1.19-) 1.27 - 1.65 (-1.69); Q = 1.32 -
1.52; Q' = 1.43).
cornelihybrida Tulloss,
K. W. hughes et al.
FPP JL JP LAC PP This taxon is an infraspecific hybrid
swarm with a presently known range extending over much of the eastern
U.S. It resembles A. lavendula in form, color,
and the tendency to turn lavender to amethyst when exposed to low
temperatures. Spores: [172/9/8] (6.7-) 7.4 - 9.5 (-11.0) × (6.0-)
6.6 - 9.0 (-10.0) μm, (L = 7.9 - 8.9 μm; L' = 8.4 μm;
W = 7.2 - 8.4 μm; W' = 7.8 μm; Q = (1.01-) 1.03 - 1.15
(-1.25); Q = 1.06 - 1.09; Q' = 1.08).
[ image ]
elongata PeckAW unkn_co_PA Uncommon. Cap usually yellow (sometimes with
irregular orange spot(s); stipe usually white (sometimes with yellow in
part); partial veil white to yellow. Holotype collected in
Pennsylvania. Spores longer and proportionately narrower than
those of A. flavoconia var. flavoconia.
Spores: [113/6/6] (6.8-) 7.5 - 10.5 (-12.5) × (4.0-) 5.0 - 6.9 (-8.7)
µm, (L = 7.9 - 9.6 µm; L’ = 8.8 µm; W = 5.3 - 6.4
µm; W’ = 5.8 µm; Q = (1.21-) 1.33 - 1.70 (-1.81); Q =
1.45 - 1.58; Q’ = 1.52).)
[ image ]
flavoconia G. F. Atk. var.
flavoconia* AW CLA HO JP LZ MQ MW OW
PE PIK RO SF
SR Extremely common, with a wide variety of symbionts.
Spores: [139/8/8] (6.5-) 6.8 - 9.0 (-10.6) × (4.8-) 5.0 - 7.0 (-8.9) µm,
(L = 7.2 - 8.2 (-8.6) µm; L’ = 7.9 µm; W = (5.3-)
5.5 - 6.9 µm; W’ = 6.0 µm; Q = (1.08-) 1.15 - 1.50 (-1.64);
Q = 1.21 - 1.43 (-1.49); Q’ = 1.33).)
[ image ]
flavorubens
(Berk. & Mont.) Sacc.BV HI HO LZ MQ MR PE PIK
RO SH SO SP SR
(=flavorubescens G. F. Atk.) Common. Purplish red
(wine) staining is most common in the flesh at the base of the stipe;
however, when
the pileus has broken through a dense lawn turf (for example), the whole
cap surface may be wine colored. The yellow pigment can be washed
out by rain. Spores: [180/9/8] (7.4-) 7.8 - 11.0 (-12.6) × (4.9-)
5.4 - 7.0 (-8.4) µm, (L = 8.3 - 9.6 (-10.7) µm; L’ = 9.2 µm;
W = (5.5-) 5.7 - 6.6 µm; W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.17-) 1.28 - 1.76
(-1.96); Q = (1.34-) 1.37 - 1.67; Q’ = 1.52).
[ image ]
lavendula (Coker)
Tulloss, K. W. Hughes, Rodrig. Cayc., & KudzmaFPP OC PP WA
Extremely common from late August to the end of the mushroom season,
although not always revealing any lavender coloring. It seems that
the lavender staining seen in this taxon is produced near freezing
temperatures. The lavender staining is also seen in
A. cornelihybrida and A. sp-lavendula03 (see below).
The latter two species have larger and more nearly globose spores.
Spores: [140/7/6] (5.8-) 6.0 - 8.0 (-9.7)
× (4.9-) 5.3 - 7.0 (-8.1) μm, (L = 6.5 - 7.2 μm;
L' = 6.9 μm; W = 5.8 - 6.4 μm;
W' = 6.1 μm; Q = (1.02-) 1.05 - 1.29
(-1.49); Q = 1.10 - 1.18; Q' = 1.13)
[ image ]
morrisii PeckFPP OW PP
(=species 15) Uncommon. Should be sought in
coastal plain areas where sandy soil is often moist. Notice the
small annulus with the orangish or beige underside; the cap is very,
very dark in the button of this species. (Peck originally
considered the name "bicolor" for this species.) Also,
check for the smell of apples. Spores: [585/29/8] (6.0-) 7.2 - 9.8
(-11.5) × (4.2-) 5.5 - 7.0 (-8.2) µm, (L = (7.4-) 7.9 - 9.1
(-9.3) µm; L’ = 8.5 µm; W = (5.5-) 5.9 - 6.6 (-6.7) µm;
W’ = 6.3 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.20 - 1.52 (-1.64);
Q = (1.28-) 1.30 - 1.42 (-1.44); Q’ = 1.36).
[ image ]
rubescens var.
alba Coker* ALG BV CLA JP LZ NOR
Uncommon.
Certainly not a variety of the European species—A. rubescens
(differentiated easily by DNA. Spores: [141/7/6] (6.5-) 7.0 - 9.8
(-10.5) × (4.5-) 5.0 - 7.0 (-8.5) µm, (L = 7.6 - 9.0 (-9.2) µm;
L’ = 8.3 µm; W = 5.5 - 6.1 (-6.7) µm; W’ = 5.9 µm;
Q = (1.12-) 1.24 - 1.60 (-1.69); Q = 1.34 - 1.49 (-1.50);
Q’ = 1.41).
[ image ]
salmonescens TullossHW (=species 8.) Rare, known only from a
single site in NJ. This species is reported as locally common in
Illinois. It is also known from the Adirondack Mtns. in western
SC. Stipe bruising salmon then becoming sordid; spores: [144/6/5]
(5.9-) 7.0 - 9.2 (-10.5) × (4.2-) 4.5 - 6.0 (-6.5) µm, (L =
(7.7-) 7.8 - 8.4 µm;
L’ = 8.1 µm; W = (4.9-) 5.2 - 5.6 µm; W’ = 5.3 µm;
Q = (1.18-) 1.35 - 1.75 (-1.88); Q = 1.45 - 1.57 (-1.62);
Q’ = 1.54).)
[ image ]
solaniolens H. L. Stewart
& GrundCAR CQ LZ (=species N20.) Rare.
Originally described from Nova Scotia. Like a small "A.
brunnescens" with white or yellow volval material and a white or
pale sulfur yellow annulus;
pileus distinctly virgate; spores: [70/3/3] 7.0 - 8.8 (-10.5) × (5.5-)
6.5 - 8.0 (-9.5) µm, (L = 7.9 - 8.2 µm; L’ = 8.0 µm;
W = 7.1 - 7.4 µm; W’ = 7.2 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.03 - 1.27
(-1.35); Q = 1.06 - 1.16; Q’ = 1.11).
[ image ]
spissa var.
alba Coker * BD BE? HO Poorly known
taxon. Type consists only of a
spore print. Spores (per Jenkins): 6.3 - 7.5 × 4.2 - 5.0 µm;
Q' = 1.50).
submaculata PeckBT HU JP LB RO SR UNI (=species 18 =species 29.)
Virgate cap with occasional depigmented spots, gray-brown, with
fruit-like (pear or apple) or anise-like (rarely tar-like) odor.
The copious partial veil often separates in two stages, creating a
crease around it at about mid-radius that suggests a 19th Century ball
gown. Spores: [386/18/15] (6.3-) 7.0 - 9.8 (-13.3) × (4.5-) 4.9 -
6.6 (-8.4) µm, (L = (7.2-) 7.8 - 8.7 (-8.8) µm; L’ =
8.4 µm; W = (5.2-) 5.5 - 6.2 µm; W’ = 5.7 µm; Q =
(1.18-) 1.25 - 1.67 (-2.02); Q = (1.32-) 1.36 - 1.56 (-1.64);
Q' = 1.47).
[ image ]
sp-10CH PR
Uncommon. Known from one site in NJ and one on Long Island.
A very similar taxon has been collected in Central America.
Brown pileus, differing from A. franchetii sensu Dav. T. Jenkins
due to apparent innate fibrils in cap and a more olivaceous brown
pileus; differing from European franchetii due to lack of yellow
context exposed when the immature pileipellis is scraped away. It
has yellow universal veil material and a habit suggestive of
flavoconia. Spores: [45/2/2] 7.0 - 9.1 (-9.4) × (4.9-) 5.2
- 6.3 µm, (L = 7.8 - 8.5 µm; L’ = 8.3 µm; W = 5.5 -
5.8 µm; W’ = 5.7 µm; Q = (1.25-) 1.30 - 1.62;
Q = 1.42 - 1.47; Q’ = 1.45).
[ image ]
sp-15OW (Probably = morrisii (see above)) Apple odor; image taken in late afternoon (too much red tint); spores: [75/3/2] (8.0-) 8.4 - 9.8 (-11.5) × 5.6 - 7.7 (-8.4) µm, (L = 8.9 - 9.4 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm;
W = 6.5 - 6.6 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.20-) 1.25 - 1.56; Q = 1.37 - 1.42; Q’ = 1.40). [ image ]
sp-19MW
(Rare, known only from a single site in the region. Unevenly
lobed pileus margin, detersile warts, brown disk, robust stipe, fragile
partial veil, affin. excelsa sensu Coker
(1917); spores: [40/2/2]
(7.0-) 7.3 - 9.8 (-11.5) × (4.5-) 4.9 - 6.2 (-6.5) µm, (L = 7.8 -
8.8 µm; L’ = 8.3 µm; W = 5.0 - 5.7 µm; W’ =
5.4 µm; Q = (1.31-) 1.40 - 1.69 (-1.92); Q = 1.54 - 1.56;
Q’ = 1.55).
[ image ]
sp-23* BE BT WF Brown radial "fibrils" in
cap, spores large for Validae, yellowish submembranous universal
veil material on bulb; spores: [20/1/1] 7.7 - 12.2 × (4.5-) 4.9 -
7.7 µm, (L = 10.0 µm; W = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.40-) 1.50 -
1.89 (-2.02); Q = 1.65).
sp-25* (Rare, known from only one collection made in
1984. Pale yellow partial veil with thick edge; odor of oil of
wintergreen (methyl salicylate); cap citrin-yellow; yellow lamellae
edges, large ovoid bulb with brief marginal limb of even length; spores:
[20/1/1] (6.3-) 7.0 - 9.1 (-9.8) × (5.6-) 6.3 - 9.1 (-9.8) µm,
(L = 8.6 µm; W = 8.1 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.17 (-1.25);
Q = 1.07). Note: A second collection attributed to
this taxon proved to be A. phalloides; hence, it is possible that
the "oil of wintergreen" odor is an artifact with a human source.
[ image ]
sp-36HO SR If an incompletely
expanded pileipellis is scraped away, a brilliant yellow is seen; this
is said to be an identifying character of the European species A.
franchetii; however, the European species' spore’s are longer and
have Q around 1.38. The N. American taxon has yellow,
unchanging volval material and an orangy-brown to yellow-brown pileus;
its stature is like a small flavorubens. Spores:
[60/3/1] (5.9-) 6.6 - 8.4 (-9.4) × 4.2 - 5.2 (-5.6) µm, (L =
7.3 - 7.5 µm; L’ = 7.4 µm; W = 4.7 - 5.0 µm; W’ =
4.8 µm; Q = (1.27-) 1.35 - 1.74 (-1.87); Q = 1.51 - 1.58;
Q’ = 1.56).
[ image ]
sp-43SR (Small pale brown pileus, not virgate (one
differentiation from A. sp-10 (above)); volval material pale
yellow, fading to cream. Spores: [20/1/1] 7.3 - 9.1 (-9.8) ×
(4.9-) 5.2 - 6.3 µm, (L = 8.3 µm; W = 5.7 µm; Q = 1.30 -
1.62; Q = 1.47).)
[ image ]
sp-54RO
(Gray, virgate cap with dark center. In the flavoconia-like
group. Known from only one locality. Spores: [20/1/1] (6.0-)
7.0 - 7.8 (-8.0) × (4.0-) 4.5 - 5.5 (-5.6) μm, (L = 7.4 μm;
L' = 7.4 μm; W = 5.0 μm; W' = 5.0 μm; Q = (1.36-)
1.38 - 1.60 (-1.64); Q = 1.49; Q' = 1.49).
[ image ]
sp-amerirubescens02BB JP LAC PIK PP RO Cap 0ften with an light orange-tan or light
yellow-orange tint at first, sometimes paler; universal veil not
yellowish at first, lacking yellow on the underside of the partial
veil. Spore size/shape can distinguish this species from
rubescens var. alba. Spore size/shape is very similar
in A. aureosubucula, A. sp-amerirubescens02, and
A. sp-amerirubescens04. Spores: [170/7/7] (7.1-) 7.7 - 10.2 (-11.5) × (5.0-)
5.5 - 7.1 (-8.0) μm, (L = 8.0 - 9.3 μm;
L' = 8.7 μm; W = 5.7 - 6.8 μm;
W = 6.2 μm; Q = (1.13-) 1.22 - 1.61 (-1.81);
Q = 1.27 - 1.54; Q' = 1.41).
sp-amerirubescens04
Tulloss nom. prov.LZ SP SR WX
Rather common. Spore size/shape is very similar in
sp-amerirubescens02, and
sp-amerirubescens04. Spores:
[40/2/2] (6.8-) 7.8 - 9.5 (-11.6) × (5.0-) 5.6 -
6.6 (-7.2) μm, (L = 8.2 - 9.0 μm; L' =
8.6 μm; W = 5.8 - 6.0 μm; W' = 5.9 μm;
Q = (1.27-) 1.31 - 1.69 (-1.78); Q = 1.37 -
1.56; Q' = 1.46).
[ image ]
sp-amerirubescens07LAC. The cap is distinctly brownish gray at first
and may have a striate margin; the mushroom stains as do other
rubescent taxa. The blackening of the volva is probably due
to something other than the genetically determined properties of this
species. Spores: [20/1/1] 7.1 - 9.2 (-11.1) × (5.0-) 5.2 - 6.4
(-8.0) μm, (L = 8.2 μm; W = 5.7 μm;
Q = (1.25-) 1.29 - 1.55 (-1.59); Q = 1.43).
[ image ]
glischraHU
A member of Limacella section Lubricae with gluten present
on both cap and stipe.
The gluten is bright colored (combinations of orange, red, yellow, and
orange-brown).nbsp; Although the cap pigmentation varies a fresh mushroom is
is almost always a match to an image or images in some field guide.
Spores: [20/1/1] (3.6–) 3.9 – 4.6 (–5.3) × 3.5 – 4.4
(–5.0) µm, (L = 4.3 µm; L’ = 4.3 µm;
W = 3.9 µm; W’ = 3.9 µm; Q = 1.03 –
1.15 (–1.17); Q = 1.10; Q’ = 1.10).
[ image ]
lenticularis
var. fischeri (Kauffman) H. V. Sm.unkn. co.,
PA A member of Limacella section Amanitellae with
a dry stem and a membranous partaial veil, this species is poorly known
and is similar to L. solidipes (Peck) H. V. Sm. Spores
H. V. Smith (1945): [-/-/-] 4.5 – 6.6 × 3.5 – 5.6 µm,
(est. Q = 1.18 - 1.29; est. Q’ = 1.22).
[ image ]
Bas, C. 1969. Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a
monograph of
its section Lepidella. Persoonia 5(4): 285-579.
Coker, W. C. 1917.
The amanitas of the eastern United States.
J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 33(1 & 2): i + 1-88.
Gilbert, E.-J. 1940 & 1941. Amanitaceae. Iconogr. Mycol.
(Milan) 27 & suppls. xx + 427 pp., 73 pl.
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K. Baumgartner, R. E. Tulloss, E. Lickey and J. Cifuentes. 2013.
Evolutionary consequences of putative intra- and interspecific
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Taxa described by C. H. Peck.
Mycotaxon 7: 23-44.
_____. 1986. Amanita of North America
(Mad River, Eureka). vi+198 pp.
Lincoff, G. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide to North
American mushrooms.
(Knopf, New York). 926 pp.
Morales-Torres, E., M. Villegas-Ríos, J. Cifuentes and R. E.
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Amanita polypyramis (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc.
Mycotaxon 73: 477-491.
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trans., G. G. Kibby, ed.
(Phillips, Tonbridge). 535 pp.
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44: 115-187.
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Thiers, H. D. 1982. The Agaricales of California. 1.
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Amanita mutabilis.
Mycologia 76: 555-558.
_____. 1986. What is the mushroom North Americans have been
calling Amanita caesarea?
Bull. Boston Mycol. Club 41: 10-13. [Republished: NJMA
News 18(4): 9-13.]
_____. 1988. Amanita sinicoflava: a new species from
eastern North America.
Mycotaxon 32 421-431.
_____. 1990. Amanita salmonescens -- a new species from
the southeastern United States.
Mycotaxon 38: 125-132.
_____. 1993. Amanita pachysperma, Amanita
subvirginiana, and Amanita virginiana
(taxonomy and distribution) with notes on description of the lamella
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Mycotaxon 49: 449-475.
_____. 1994. Type studies in Amanita section
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Some taxa described in this century (studies 1-23) with notes on
description of
spores and refractive hyphae in Amanita. Mycotaxon
52: 305-396.
_____. 1994. Seminario sobre Amanita. Supporting
materials for a seminar on Amanita.
Univ. Autónoma Tlaxcala, Ixtacuixtla, Tlaxcala. 30 August - 3
September. 128 pp.
_____. 1995. Supporting materials for a seminar on Amanita, 2nd edition.
Boston Mycological Club, 13 September 1995. 143 pp.
_____. 1996. Programa. Seminario sobre Amanita,
3rd edition.
Soc. Mexicana Micol.; Facultad Ciencias, Univ. Nacional Autónoma México;
&
Facultad Ciencias, Univ. Autónoma Edo. México. 3 July - 10 July.
158 pp.
_____. 1998. Syllabus for a Seminar on Amanita, 4th
edition.
N. Amer. Mycol. Assoc. & Mycol. Soc. San Francisco. vi+184+ii pp.
_____. 1998 ["1997"]. Notes on Amanita crocea and
phenetically related taxa and
preliminary findings concerning some material determined as
Amanita crocea
in Mexico and the U.S.A. Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola
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_____ and D. T. Jenkins. 1985. Validation of Amanita
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_____ and _____. 1986. Notes on distribution of Amanita
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_____, L. V. Kudzma, M. K. Tulloss and A. Rockefeller. 2021.
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_____ and J. E. Lindgren. 2005. Amanita aprica--a new toxic
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Amanita asteropus and Amanita aestivalis.
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_____, C. Rodríguez-Caycedo, K. W. Hughes, J. Geml, L. V. Kudzma,
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II. Amanitaceae 1(2): 1-6.
_____, S. L. Stephenson, R. P. Bhatt and A. Kumar. 1995.
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Last change of this page: 26 May 2023.
Copyrighted photographs: the image of the expanding button of A.
banningiana is copyright 2006 by Walter Sturgeon, and the image of
Amanita species 35 is copyright 2006 by Geoffrey G.
Kibby.