name | Amanita porphyria |
name status | nomen acceptum |
author | Alb. & Schwein. : Fr. |
english name | "Porphyry Amanita" |
images | |
intro |
The following is based on the descriptions by Albertini and Schweinitz (1805) and Neville and Poumarat (2004). |
cap |
The cap of Amanita porphyria is (25-) 40 - 80 mm wide, dull red to grayish dull red to graying purple or pale brown gray to violaceous brown to violaceous gray brown, darkest in the center, hemispherical then convex, with or without a broad umbo, finally planar, viscid, shiny, with the distinct appearence of having innate radial fibers, and with a nonstriate and nonappendiculate margin. The volva is present as rather large violaceous gray- brown to violaceous gray plaques. The flesh is whitish or pale cream, except fora narrow violaceous gray-brown region just under the cap skin. |
gills | The gills are free, rather crowded, whitish to pale yellowish gray, 4.5 - 8 mm broad, with a finely flocculose edge. The short gills are attenuate. |
stem |
The stem is 60 - 110 × 6 - 14 mm, cylindric or slightly narrowing upwards, white or whitish, with fine striations above the ring, with violaceous gray or violaceous brownish longitudinal fibers present below the ring, solid and firm at first, giving the impression of the center being stuffed with cotton after some matureing, slowly becoming hollow. The bulb is subglobose, marginate, and 12 - 36 mm wide. The ring is membranous, thin, skirt-like, finally collapsing on the stem, whitish or pale gray at first, rapidly becoming violaceous gray overall and violaceous brownish near the edge. The volva is present as a more or less irregular plaques on the lower stem or bulb, friable, at first whitish or pale gray, rapidly becoming brownish lilac-gray particularly in detached fragments, with a short cottony white free limb on the bulb's upper margin; the limb may be 1 - 6 mm high (rarely higher). The flesh is whitish or pale cream. |
odor/taste | The odor is of radishes or newly dug potatoes. The taste is not recorded. |
spores | According to Neville and Poumarat (2004), the spores measure 7.5 - 9.5 × 7 - 9 µm and are globose to subglobose and amyloid. Clamps are absent at bases of basidia. Spores measured by RET from European and U.S. collections are as follows: (7.5-) 8.0 - 9.8 (-11.2) × (7.0-) 7.5 - 9.2 (-11.0) µm and are globose to subglobose, infrequently broadly ellipsoid. |
discussion |
This species was originally described from eastern Germany (between the Oder and Elbe rivers) and is associated with fir (Abies alba), spruce (Picea abies), pines (Pinus sylvestris), and occasionally with broad-leaved trees such as beeches (Fagus sylvatica), birches (Betula pubescens), aspen (Populus tremula), etc. In North America it is associated with species of the same genera as well as with Chinquapin (Castanopsis) and Manzanita (Arctostaphylos). The most similar European taxon is A. mappa (Batsch) Fr.. The present species is widely reported in northern North America. In North America, it is similar to one or more taxa called "A. citrina" by American mycologists. Some of these taxa with pale straw-colored caps have a ring that becomes gray with age. The range of cap color for the species in North America is as broad as has been reported from Europe. In the northwest, specimens are sometimes completely white except for their gray ring. In eastern North America, the cap colors seen in the above illustrations are sometimes observed, however, in Newfoundland (photo) the caps are much paler and lack the red tint almost entirely. Occasionally, specimens are found which are strongly virgate with pigments ranging from grayish yellow to brown, sometimes having an apparent olivaceous tint. The nrITS and nrLSU sequences derived from our herbarium material that has been samples are essentially the same. We don't know of any other morphological characters that would separate the color variants. Hence, all pigmentation variants of A. porphyria in North America and Europe appear to fall within a single taxon. —R. E. Tulloss and L. Possiel |
brief editors | RET |
name | Amanita porphyria | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
author | Alb. & Schwein. : Fr. 1805. Consp. Fung.: 142, taf. 11 (fig. 1). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
name status | nomen acceptum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
english name | "Porphyry Amanita" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
synonyms |
≡Agaricus porphyrius (Alb. & Schwein. : Fr.) Fr. 1821. Syst. Mycol. 1: 14.
≡Venenarius porphyrius (Alb. & Schwein. : Fr.) Murrill. 1913. Mycologia 5: 81.
≡Amanitina porphyria (Alb. & Schwein. : Fr.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1940. Iconogr. Mycol. (Milan) 27, suppl. (1): 78, tab. 37 (figs. 5-6).
≡Agaricus gracilis Schumach. nom. illeg. 1803. Enumerat. Plant. Part. Saelland. 2: 252. [Avowed replacement for validly published name. ICBN §52.1] ≡Amanita recutita var. gracilis (Schumach.) Sacc. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5: 12. ≡Amanita porphyria [var. recutita] f. gracilis (Schumach.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1918. Gen. Amanita Pers.: 59.
≡Agaricus (Amanita) porphyrius var. tenuior Fr. 1874. Hymenomyc. Eur.: 19. ≡Amanita porphyria var. tenuior (Fr.) Sacc. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5: 11. ≡Amanita porphyria f. tenuior (Fr.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1918. Gen. Amanita Pers.: 57. ≡Amanita porphyria f. tenuior (Fr.) Killerm. 1931. Denkschr. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Regensburg 18(neue Folg. 12): 5. [Superfluous combination.] ≡Amanita porphyria f. tenuior (Fr.) Veselý. 1933. Ann. Mycol 31(4): 235. [Superfluous combination.]
?=Fungus colubrinus Paulet. 1793. Trait. Champ. 2: 317, index [7]. ≡Hypophyllum colubrinum Paulet nom. inval. 1808-1835. Ibid.: pl. 152 (fig. 2). [Devalidated name. The name Amanita Pers. is conserved against Amanita Boehm. of which Hypophylum is an isonym. (Donk. 1962. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 5: 145.)]
≡Amanita ophites Léveillé. 1855. Icon. Champ.: 83.
=Amanita tomentella Krombh. 1836. Naturgetreue Abbild. Essbar. Schädl. Undverd. Schwäm. 4: pl. 29 (figs. 6-9).
=Agaricus (Amanita) recutitus Fr. 1838. Epicr.: 6. ≡Amanita recutita (Fr.) Bertillon in Dechambre. 1866. Dict. Encycl. Sci. Médic.: 500. ≡Amanita recutita (Fr.) Gillet. 1884 (February). Tabl. Anal. Hymenomyc.: 7. [Superfluous combination.] ≡Amanita porphyria var. recutita (Fr.) Quél. 1888. Fl. Mycol.: 308. ≡Amanita porphyria f. recutita (Fr.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1918. Gen. Amanita Pers.: 57. ≡Venenarius recutitus (Fr.) Murrill. 1913. Mycologia 5: 81.
≡Agaricus porphyrius var. major Fr. 1874. Hymenomyc. Eur.: 19. ≡Agaricus sinuatus Schumach. 1803. Enumerat. Plant. Part. Saelland. 2: 249. [1834. Fl. Dan. 36??: ??, pl. 2415.] ≡Amanita porphyria var. major (Fr.) Sacc. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5: 11. ≡Amanita porphyria f. major (Fr.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1918. Gen. Amanita Pers.: 56. ≡Amanita porphyria f. major (Fr.) Veselý. 1933. Ann. Mycol. 31(4): 235. [Superfluous combination.]
=Amanita porphyria var. purpurascens Gillet. 1874. Champ. (Hyménomyc.) Croiss. France: 36. [Subsumed within type variety by Gillet (1884 (February). Tabl. Anal. Hyménomyc.: 5).] ≡Amanita porphyria f. purpurascens (Gillet) E.-J. Gilbert. 1918. Gen. Amanita Pers.: 56. ≡Amanita porphyria f. purpurascens (Gillet) Veselý. 1933. Ann. Mycol. 31(4): 235. [Superfluous combination.]
=Agaricus mappa var. lilacina Britzelm. 1890. Ber. Naturhist. Ver. Augsburgs 30: 6, [pl. 50] (fig. 330). [Republished by von Höhnel. Hymenomyc. Südbayer. 6: 176.]
=Agaricus porphyrius f. major Britzelm. 1893. Bot. Centralbl. 54(2): 33, [pl. 88] (fig. 470). [Republished by von Höhnel. Hymenomyc. Südbayer. 9. Mat. Beschr. Hymenomyc.: 223.] ≡Amanita porphyria f. major (Britzelm.) Killerm. nom. illeg. 1931. Denkschr. Bayer. Bot. Ges. Regensburg 18(neue Folg. 12: 5. [Posterior homonym. ICBN §53.1]
=Amanita porphyria var. tenera Boud. 1902. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 18: 259. ≡Amanita porphyria f. tenera (Boud.) Veselý. 1933. Ann. Mycol. 31(4): 236.
For more taxonomic synonyms see the Amanita Nomenclator (t.b.d.). The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MycoBank nos. | 171128, 284107, 534555, 161496, 508883, 476723, 169063 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GenBank nos. |
Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages.
These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.
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lectotypes | Albertini and Schweinitz. 1805. op. cit.: taf. 11 (fig. 1). [It is possible that this lectotype could be rejected because it does not conform with the protolog with regard to the stipe and the lamellae being white [at least at first]. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lectotypifications | Neville and Poumarat. 2004. Fungi Europeaei 9: 820. [The authors express reservations that the selected plate does not conform with the text of the protolog.] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
intro |
Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been
thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text
where data is missing or uncertain. Coloring of the habit illustration is clearly incorrect in copies I have seen—e.g., having a brown stipe. Schweinitz prepared water colors of many of the species that appear in his works. These water colors are often very good quality technical illustrations and are clearly based on individual collections. The water color of A. porphyria is in a bound volume in the Ewell Sale Stewart Library, of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. For some reason it shows an entirely gray fruiting body (gray pileus and gray stipe). Possibly this is due to sulfides or other compounds forming in the pigments over the series since the painting's creation; however, no cause has been assigned scientifically. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileus | 29 - 101 mm wide, virgate, at first with darker streaks brown to umbrinous brown (e.g. 6D3), often with lavender or purple or reddish cast when young (this, at least sometimes, due to paler pinkish brown ground color, e.g., ca. 6C3), with pink tint disappearing with age and brown becoming darker (e.g., 6F4 or darker), often gray (in Schweinitz’ water color cited above) to grayish brown to sepicaceous at maturity, sometimes rain-soaked specimens becoming pallid (e.g. very pale tan-gray, with buff disc, sometimes with citrin ground color) or depigmented, unchanging when cut or bruised, hemispheric to broadly campanulate to convex, then planoconvex to shallowly depressed with umbo in depression, becoming concave in age, tacky, shiny, subshiny when dry; context white except for thin brownish gray layer below pileipellis, unchanging when cut or bruised, 2 - 8 mm thick, thinning evenly to margin or thinning rather rapidly for about 0.75 pileus radius and then thinning evenly to margin; margin nonstriate, nonappendiculate; universal veil absent or in small, friable patches, detersile, white or very pallid at first, becoming concolorous with pileus or grayer. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamellae | narrowly adnate at first, then free, seceding, sometimes with short decurrent lines on stipe apex, sometimes lacking such lines, crowded to subcrowded, buff to cream to off-white to white in mass, pale cream to white in side view, unchanging when cut or bruised, 2.5 - 7.5 mm broad, broadest at about 75% of distance from stipe to pileus margin, ??; lamellulae attenuate to subattenuate to truncate, unevenly distributed, of diverse lengths, plentiful. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
stipe | 60 - 110 × 3 - 14 mm, white, becoming off-white to brown with handling, narrowing upward or subcylindric or cylindric, flaring just at apex, at times somewhat sinuate, faintly longitudinally striatulate, often with areas of brownish gray or gray fibrils (sometimes joined at tips) below partial veil or with smears of gray thin material (limbus internus?), with all decoration tending to darken with age; bulb 10 - 23 × 7 - 35 mm, subglobose to ovoid, often submarginate to marginate, vertically split sometimes, often abrupt or subabrupt; context off-white to pale cream, sometimes stained yellow-brown in center of bulb, hollow to stuffed to solid, with central cylinder 0+ - 4 mm wide, with larval tunnels concolorous; partial veil superior to median, gray-brown to gray, becoming blackish with age (from free edge upward), membranous, persistent, striate above, having dark ring of universal veil materil on underside near margin, with this ring breaking up into dark to black dashes with stretching during cap expanion, collapsing on stipe; universal veil absent or occasionally as short submembranous limb or narrow ridge attached at bulb margin, whitish, sometimes graying and then black with age as with gray material left on stipe below partial veil. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
odor/taste | Odor of potatoes or raphanoid, sometimes faintly. Taste not recorded. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
macrochemical tests |
Spot test for laccase (syringaldazine) - negative throughout basidiome. Spot test for tyrosinase (paracresol) - positive in scattered samll spots on stipe and bulb surfaces and in context of same and on lamella edge near stipe apex. Test voucher: Tulloss 8-21-87-G. Similar results for phenoloxidase spot tests with L-tyrosine, paracresol, and syringaldazine are reported by Marr et al. (1986). All tests were performed on North American material. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
subhymenium | wst-near = 25 µm (?); wst-far = 35 µm (?); comprising irregularly shaped branched cells (uninflated or partially inflated) and partially inflated cells and ellipsoid to ovoid to subglobose inflated cells (up to 25 × 16.0 µm, but mostly under two thirds this length) in (3-) 4 - 5 layers in branching structure (usually smallest near bases of basidia) and uninflated hyphal segments, with basidia usually arising from small inflated cells, but also arising from cells of other listed types. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidia | 30 - 46 × 9.2 - 14.5 µm, dominantly 4-, infrequently 2-sterigmate, with sterigmata up to 7.5 × 4.5 µm; clamps rare(?) to absent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidiospores |
RET: [157/8/6] (7.2-) 7.5 - 9.8 (-11.2) ×
(6.8-) 7.0 - 9.2 (-11.0) µm,
(L = (7.8-) 8.5 - 8.9 µm;
L’ = 8.7 µm; W = (7.1-) 8.0 - 8.5 µm;
W’ = 8.1 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.14 (-1.26);
Q = 1.05 - 1.07 (-1.10);
Q’ = 1.07), hyaline,
colorless, smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, globose to
subglobose, often at least slightly adaxially flattened,
occasionally expanded at one end; apiculus
sublateral, small, cylindric; contents dominantly
monoguttulate, occasionally multiguttulate to granular;
white in deposit. [Note: The abnormally small spores from RET 245-6 have affected the above data unduly because the overall sample size is small. The data from the small spores are provided here: [20/1/1] 7.2 - 8.2 (-8.5) × 6.8 - 7.5 (-10.5) μm, (L = 7.8 μm; W = 7.1 μm; Q = 1.0 - 1.15 (-1.17); Q = 1.10).]—ed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ecology |
Solitary to subgregarious. Norway: In
oligotrophic Pinus sylvestris forest in humus with
pH = 4.0± or in Picea abies
forest. Switzerland: At 1000 m elev. Under
Fagus and Picea. California, U.S.A.:
In sand with some organic content with
Arctostaphylos, Castanopsis, Pinus,
and Quercus. New York, U.S.A.: At ca.
500 m elev. Vermont, U.S.A.: In duff in
sandy road cut with Tsuga canadensis, F.
grandifolia, and Acer sp. Washington,
U.S.A.: Under T. heterophylla or in conifer duff
at about 30 m elev. in old growth Tsuga
forest. A. H. Smith’s notes in MICH say: "Solitary to scattered on rich humus, especially in hemlock [Tsuga] forests, frequent in its favorite habitat in the eastern, central and western states [of the U.S]." Gulden et al. (1985) report that A. porphyria is one of the few species of Amanita not in Amanita section Vaginatae found rather commonly in treeline forests of northern Europe. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
material examined |
Zhang et al. (2004) voucher for sequencing: GERMANY: UNKN. STATE—Schwarzwald, s.d. unkn. coll. s.n. (HKAS 31531). RET: CANADA: NEW BRUNSWICK—Charlotte Co. - Campobello Isl., ...more.... NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR—Isl. of Newfoundland - Gros Morne Nat. Pk., Trout Lake Campground, 30.ix.2003 Dr. Kuulo Kalamees s.n. [Tulloss 9-30-03-B] (RET 370-9, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.); Kill Devil Anglican Church Camp, 17.ix.2004 Noah Siegel s.n. (RET 384-8, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.); Lomond, Stuckless Pond, 14.ix.2004 R. E. Tulloss, Maria Voitk ∓ K .J. Harrison [Tulloss 9-14-04-A] (RET 383-4); Stanleyville [49.4665° N/ 57.7805° W, 30 m elev.], 13.ix.2004 Maria Voitke & R. E. Tulloss s.n. (RET 383-9); unkn. loc., 28.ix.2003 Velo Soots & Pat Burchell s.n. [Tulloss 9-28-03-B] (RET 370-10, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). CZECH REPUBLIC: SOUTH BOHEMIA—Nadějov, 2.x.2006 Dr. Jan Borovička 25 (RET 404-9, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.); Široké Blato Nature Reserve, 3.x.2006 J. Borovička 26 (RET 404-2, nrITS & nrLSU seq.'d.), 4.x.2006 J. Borovička 28 (RET 404-1). NORWAY: AUST-AGDER—Gjerstad, Svarttjern For. Reserve [UTM: ML 9135], 18.viii.1987 T. E. Brandrud 439-87 (O). BUSKERUD—Kongsberg, Efteløt prestegård [UTMWGS84 NM 455,012-013], 20.viii.1999 L. Winter, S. Aasrum & M. Nuñez s.n. [Tulloss 8-20-99-G] (O 36126; RET 309-7, nrITS seq'd.); Kongsberg, Jondalseva i Jondalen [UTMWGS84 NM 30-31,18], 21.viii.1999 Even W. Hanssen, B. Krømer, R. Kristiansen & V. Timmerman s.n. [RET 8-21-99-F] (O 36126; RET 309-6); Kongsberg, Lindåskroken [UTMWGS84 NM 35,01-02, 350 m], 21.viii.1999 P. Marstad, H. Myhre & T. Torjesen s.n. [Tulloss 8-21-99-C] (O 35658; RET 311-2, nrITS seq'd.); Kongsberg, SW side Store Lauarvann [UTMWGS84 NM 379,025], 20.viii.1999 R. E. Tulloss 8-20-99-B (O 35964; RET 309-8, nrITS & nrLSU, seq'd.). SWITZERLAND: ZUG—Zug, 10.ix.1992 Carmine Lavorato 920910-35 (in herb. C. Lavorato; RET 079-1, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA—Santa Cruz Co. - Henry Cowell Redwoods St. Pk., campgrd. area ca. Graham Hill Rd., 15.i.2003 D. Arora & R. E. Tulloss [Tulloss 1-15-03-B] (RET 366-3, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). MAINE: Washington Co. - S of Steuben, ca Eagle Hill Institute, 12.ix.2013 Igor Safonov et al. s.n. (RET 578-2). MASSACHUSETTS—Berkshire Co., Savoy Mills St. For., 15.viii.1986 Len Frank s.n. [Tulloss 8-15-86-G] (RET 669-10). NEW HAMPSHIRE—Cheshire Co. - Rindge, campus of Franklin Pierce College [42.7788° N/ 72.0555° W, 319 m], 18.viii.1989 Beryl Stevenson s.n. [Tulloss 8-18-89-G] (RET 245-6, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). NEW YORK—Franklin Co. - Paul Smith’s [44°26'02" N/ 74°15'06" W, 500 m], 21.viii.1987 Bruce Vansant s.n. [Tulloss 8-21-87-B] (RET 018-5), David C. & R. E. Tulloss 8-21-87-G (RET 018-6). OREGON—Coos Co. - North Bend, Horsfall Beach [ca. 48°26’60” N/ 124°15’20” W, ca. 9 m], 19.x.2013 Laurel Caplan s.n. (RET 589-9). Multnomah Co. - Larch Mtn., 23.x.2010 Sava Krstić s.n. [mushroomobserver #56515 ] (RET 456-9, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). VERMONT—Pownal Co. - County Rd, 29.viii.1981 NEMF81 participant s.n. [Tulloss 8-29-81-H] (RET 166-9). WASHINGTON—Klickitat Co. - GPNF, W side Cascade Crk., 8.ix.1990 J. E. Lindgren 90-28 (RET 083-2). Skamania Co. - GPNF, Pacific Crest Tr., Trout Crk., 8.ix.1990 J. E. Lindgren 90-48 (RET 083-1). Skagit Co. - Rockport St. Pk., 18.x.1992 Kathi Marlowe s.n. [B. McAdoo 215#6] (RET 077-1). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
discussion |
All the information that I have collected here is
from material with a purplish brown to brown to ??
to (rarely, in the U.S Pacific Northwest) white
pileus and both partial and universal veils soon
becoming gray. I have examined Schweinitz’s watercolor of this species at the Library of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. It is believed that this watercolor was made during the period of Scwheinitz’s time in Germany and his association with Albertini—not during Schweinitz's time in North America. Schweinitz was a fine draftsman and used color with subtlety. On the whole, the watercolors are very well preserved; and familiar taxa can be judged to be lifelike and accurate. As a consequence, one would believe the painting of Amanita porphyria to be an accurate representation of the species and more valuable than the obviously improperly colored illustration that appears in the protolog. The watercolor depicts a pair of basidiomes with gray, umbonate pilei having nonstriate margins. The pilei are completely without remnants of universal veil. The lamellae are white with concolorous edges. The stipe is notably (although palely) grayish. The annulus appears white on the upper surface; the lower surface may be showing in part and should be re-examined with greater care than I was able to give it during the exhibition at which I was able to examine the painting. The basal bulbs of the stipes are white and sublimbate to subabrupt; one is white; the other is white with raised ochraceous tan, verruculose patches. The watercolor, although more subtly colored than the protolog's illustration still does not depict the fungus described in the protolog text—a fungus with a pileus that is purplish at first and that becomes livid and an annulus that becomes livid on a white stipe. It would appear that neither the published plate nor the watercolor can serve as a lectotype. Moreover, the date of the watercolor is (so far as I know) unknown; if this is true, the painting cannot be demonstrated to be a syntype. As far as the they have been compared to date, the match between the European material and the specimens from the Pacific Northwest of the United States is excellent. There is essentially no difference in the anatomy of the hymenium, subhymenium, and lamella trama between specimens in the two geographic groups. The pileus of McAdoo 215#6 was rather pallid for this species (very pale tan-gray, with buff disc); however, anatomically, the material is identical with the other specimens of the present taxon that were examined; moreover, the typical grayish annulus was noted by the collector. In eastern North America, porphyry-capped material that appears very similar to that illustrated on this page from Norway and Switzerland has occasionally been reported; however, there are also specimens commonly referred to A. porphyria by eastern North American mycologists that have distinctly different pileus coloration. For example, the pilei of material from the Island of Newfoundland that Tulloss has seen in the field have a tan pileus with a warm brown disc. However, collections with the two variations of cap pigmentation have been found to yield identical nrITS and nrLSU sequences (posted on GenBank and listed near the top of this tab). Tulloss has referred to some collections of this species as "sp. NW6" in correspondence and local checklists. Material from New York and New Hampshire with cap coloring not porphyry have previously been called A. sp-N17 on this site. Prior to development of this site, these name was written "sp. N17" in correspondence, keys, and draft descriptions. A collection of this latter "possible taxon" has yielded DNA nrITS and nrLSU sequences that are those of the present taxon. A. H. Smith’s notes (MICH) indicate that he felt that there was "intergrading" between the present species and "Amanita citrina". Tulloss has not seen any evidence of this. To date there is no supporting genetic evidence that A. porphyria has crossed with any other taxon of stirps Citrina. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
citations | —R. E. Tulloss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
editors | RET | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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name | Amanita porphyria |
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[ Keys & Checklists ] |
name | Amanita porphyria |
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[ Keys & Checklists ] |
Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.