name | Amanita crassiputamen |
name status | nomen provisorum |
author | Tulloss, Kudzma & Pastorino |
english name | "Thick Shell Ringless Amanita" |
images | |
intro | The following is based on original research of RET. |
cap | The cap of A. crassiputamen is 52 - 88 mm wide, brownish gray (drying a slightly reddish brown shading to a more grayish brown over the marginal striations), faintly virgate, slightly umbonate when young, convex with downcurved margin to planoconvex, tacky, subshiny, and without color change when bruised or wounded. The cap's flesh is white, sometimes sordid just under the cap's skin (especially above the stem) or in randomly distributed areas. Bruised or wounded areas become pale brownish pink overnight. The cap's margin is striate, with the striations occupying 15% to 20% of the cap's radius. Volval remnants usually appear as a large white patch (or several contiguous white patches) breaking up into thick areolate areas and taking on ochraceous-brownish stains. The volva is cottony-fibrous in thin patches and felt-like in thicker ones and membranous to submembranous. Occasionally, volval material may not appear on the cap. |
gills | The gills of A. crassiputamen are free or occasionally very narrowly adnate with a decurrent line up to 15 mm or more long on the top of the stem. They are close, off-white to cream in mass, very pale cream in side view, and have a white and finely fimbriate edge. The short gills are truncate to subtruncate, unevenly distributed, and of diverse lengths. |
stem | The ringless stem is 42 - 140+ × 12 - 18 mm, white, becoming very pale reddish brown very slowly (overnight) when bruised or wounded, cylindric or narrowing upward slightly, and not flaring at apex. The stem's flesh is pale cream to off-white, very firm, and apparently does not change color when bruised or wounded. The stem is hollow to stuffed (with white cottony material). The volva is sack-like, fragile and often breaks up into large patches which may be distributed over as much as 60 mm of the lower stipe. The sack collapses on stipe, is off-white with orangish-brown stains, and is very thin, somewhat leathery and tough, with its highest point 24 - 40+ mm from the sack-enclosed bottom of the stem. |
odor/taste | The odor is faintly fruit-like; the taste has not been recorded. |
spores | Spores of this species measure (7.8-) 9.5 - 12.2 (-16.2) × (7.5-) 8.5 - 11.0 (-13.8) µm, are globose to subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, occasionally ellipsoid, occasionally lacrymoid or pyriform, and inamyloid. Contrary to published information (Tulloss, 1994, as "Amanita species C12"), this species is likely to lack clamps at bases of basidia. |
discussion | At present, this species is known from collections, made in California and Washington, U.S.A.—R. E. Tulloss |
brief editors | RET |
name | Amanita crassiputamen | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
author | Tulloss, Kudzma & Pastorino | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
name status | nomen provisorum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
english name | "Thick Shell Ringless Amanita" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
GenBank nos. |
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intro |
Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been
thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text
where data is missing or uncertain. The following material not directly from the protolog of the present taxon and not cited as the work of Dr. Z. L. Yang or another researcher is based upon original research by R. E. Tulloss. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileus | 52 - 88 mm wide, brownish gray, drying a slightly reddish brown shading to a more grayish brown over the striae, faintly virgate, slight umbo when young, convex with downcurved margin to planoconvex, tacky, subshiny, no color change when bruised or wounded; context white, sometimes sordid under pileipellis in disk or in randomly distributed areas, bruised or wounded areas becoming pale brownish pink overnight, 4 - 7 mm thick, thinning evenly to within a few mm of margin, then a membrane to margin; margin striate (0.15 - 0.2R), nonappendiculate; universal veil as large white patch or several contiguous patches, breaking up into thick areolate areas and taking on ochraceous-brownish stains, cottony-fibrous in thin patches and felted in thicker ones, detersile, membranous to submembranous, occasionally with upper surface becoming areolate, occasionally absent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamellae | free or occasionally very narrowly adnate with decurrent line up to 15 mm or more long on stipe apex, close, off-white to cream in mass, very pale cream in side view, brownish orange to orangish brown to warm tan as dried, 3 - 7.5 mm broad, with edge white and finely fimbriate; lamellulae truncate to subtruncate, unevenly distributed, of diverse lengths. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
stipe | 42 - 140+ × 12 - 18 mm, white, when bruised or wounded becoming very pale reddish brown very slowly (overnight), cylindric or narrowing upward slightly, not flaring at apex, may be slightly flattened, longitudinally striate zone at apex, finely shaggy with upward pointing fibrillose scales below; context pale cream to off-white, very firm, no change observed when bruised or wounded, hollow to stuffed (with white cottony material), with central cylinder 5± mm wide; exannulate; universal veil as saccate volva, fragile and often breaking up into large patches which may be distributed on lower stipe (distance from stipe base to highest point on such patch > 60 mm), collapsing on stipe, off-white with orangish-brown stains, very thin, somewhat leathery and tough, highest point of limb 24 - 40+ mm from stipe base. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
odor/taste | Odor faintly fruitlike. Taste not recorded. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
macrochemical tests |
Spot test for tyrosinase (paracresol) - positive within two minutes in all parts of basidiome except for universal veil remains on stipe base. Spot test for laccase (syringaldazine) - negative everywhere in basidiome except for very bottom of universal veil (exterior surface). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileipellis | 144 - 240 µm thick, pale brownish orange to orange-brown in 3% KOH, with pigment extending into adjacent pileus context; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.1 - 6.3 µm wide, partially gelatinized near and at surface, subradially arranged, branching; vascular hyphae not observed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
pileus context | filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 3.5 - 12.3 µm wide, plentiful, closely packed and dominating near pileipellis, elsewhere loosely interwoven, sometimes in fascicles, frequently branching; acrophysalides ellipsoid to clavate to subfusiform to fusiform, up to 152 × 58 µm, with slightly thickened walls, dominating except near pileipellis; vascular hyphae 3.5 - 15.4 µm wide, occasionally tightly coiled or tangled, often with lumpy and irregular outline. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamella trama | bilateral, with subhymenial tree containing branching, filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae interlaced among plentiful intercalary inflated cells [subglobose to obpyriform to ellipsoid to obclavate to clavate, up to 52 × 30 µm, usually thin-walled, infrequently with slightly thickened wall (up to 0.5 µm thick)]; wcs = 50 - 85 µm; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.5 - 14.0 µm wide, branching, with hyphae of the central stratum having intercalary inflated segments up to 78 × 20 µm (usually thin-walled, but a few with walls up to 0.8 µm thick); terminal, inflated cells not observed; vascular hyphae up to 14.0 µm wide, not common; clamps ??common?? [very doubtful—RET] in central stratum. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
subhymenium | ws-near = (0?-) 5 - 50 µm; ws-far = 25 - 75 µm; with basidia most often arising from small inflated cells (tending to be in clusters), with basidia occasionally arising from (roughly in descending order of frequency) partially inflated cells or the sides of hyphal segments subparallel to the central stratum or from the end of an hyphal segment, with a (sometimes branching) chain 2 1/2 to 5 cells [subglobose to ellipsoid to clavate to cylindric or partially inflated, 7.8 - 14.5 × 7.0 - 12.5 µm] between base of long basidium/-ole and base of nearby short basidiole, with an uninflated hyphal segment included in such a chain infrequently, with smallest basidioles differing only slightly in size and shape from the cell from which they arise, with many interstices between large basidia/-oles filled with chains of these small cells; ??prominent clamps common?? [very doubtful—RET] especially joining two cells in the chains of small cells just mentioned. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidia | 35+ - 63 × 11.8 - 19.0 µm, 4-sterigmate; clamps ??plentiful?? [doubtful—RET]. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
universal veil | On pileus, adjacent to pileipellis: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae and inflated cells partially to extensively gelatinizing; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.8 - 11.0 µm wide, dominating, frequently branching, sometimes in fascicles, somewhat loosely interwoven; inflated cells terminal, clavate, occasional; vascular hyphae 3.8 - 8.0 µm wide, branching, knobby and irregular. On pileus, away from pileipellis: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.8 - 16.8 µm wide, frequently branching, plentiful to dominating, loosely interwoven, sometimes in fascicles; inflated cells plentiful, narrowly fusiform to subfusiform to narrowly clavate to clavate to broadly clavate to ovoid to ellipsoid to subglobose, terminal or dissociated, up to 79 × 51 µm, with walls thin or slightly thickened (up to 0.8 µm thick), with slender, thick-walled, dissociated cells rather frequent; vascular hyphae not observed. On stipe base, exterior surface: a very few hyphal diameters thick, a loose open weave of filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.8 - 10.5 µm wide, moderately frequently branching, occasionally slightly gelatinized, relatively frequently in sublongitudinally oriented fascicles; with inflated cells close to the surface; vascular hyphae 4.0 - 6.0 µm wide, scant. On stipe base, interior: general appearance suggesting many elements have sublongitudinal orientation; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.0 - 11.2 µm wide, branching, dominating to plentiful (near exterior surface, more plentiful than on pileus; away from the exterior surface, about the same frequency as on pileus), often in fascicles, sometimes sinuous and loosely coiling; inflated cells locally plentiful to locally dominant, becoming more common away from exterior surface, terminal, subcylindric (e.g., 104 × 21 µm) to narrowly clavate (e.g., 76 × 20 µm) to clavate (up to 98 × 25 µm) to subfusiform (e.g., 113 × 36 µm) to fusiform to broadly clavate (up to 109 × 51 µm) to ovoid to ellipsoid to subglobose (up to 64 × 60 µm), hyaline or very faintly sordid (possibly due to wall gelatinizing), thin-walled or with walls to 1.0 µm thick; vascular hyphae 3.5 - 11.2 µm wide, occasional, unevenly distributed, branching, knobby and irregular in outline; clamps ??common?? [doubtful—RET]. On stipe base, inner surface: like interior, but with elements slightly collapsed and slightly gelatinized, with numerous small terminal inflated cells (often thick-walled, ellipsoid to broadly clavate to clavate). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
stipe context | longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 3.0 - 12.8 µm wide, branching, with those of larger diameter having walls up to 0.8 µm thick; acrophysalides up to 407 × 42± µm, plentiful to dominant in interior, scant near surface, with walls up to 1.2 µm thick at apex; vascular hyphae 7.0 - 21 µm wide, branching, relatively common, frequently having a knobby or irregular outline, locally tangled in rather dense knots; clamps ??present??. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
partial veil | absent. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
lamella edge tissue | sterile. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
anatomical figures | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
basidiospores | [120/6/2] (7.8-) 9.5 - 12.2 (-16.2) × (7.5-) 8.5 - 11.0 (-13.8) µm, (L = 10.2 - 11.6 µm; L’ = 10.7 µm; W = 9.1 - 10.6 µm; W’ = 9.7 µm; Q = (1.02-) 1.04 - 1.19 (-1.49); Q = 1.09 - 1.13; Q’ = 1.10), hyaline, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, inamyloid, globose to subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, occasionally ellipsoid, occasionally lacrymoid or pyriform; apiculus sublateral, cylindric to truncate-conic, prominent; contents monoguttulate, occasionally with additional small granules; white in deposit. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
ecology | Solitary to scattered to subgregarious. California: At ca. 250 m elev. In humus over clay with vascular plants not recorded or under hardwoods or in woods dominated by Quercus agrifolia and Arbutus menziesii or among trees dominated by Quercus agrifolia. Washington: In deep leaf litter from vine maple with Pseudotsuga menziesii and Tsuga heterophylla nearby—at edge of CAT road on raised area. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
material examined | U.S.A.: CALIFORNIA—Marin Co. - Bon Tempe Reservoir, 8.xii.2014 Ronald L. Pastorino 12-8-14-B [mushroomobserver #193058] (RET 664-4, nrITS and nrLSU seq'd.), 16.xii.2014 R. Pastorino 12-16-14CD [mushroomobserver #193965] (RET 666-1, nrITS-LSU seq'd.); Mt. Tamalpais St. Pk., Bootjack Tr., 24.xi.1989 Marsha Heidt s.n. [Tulloss 11-24-89-B] (RET 092-1, nrITS seq'd.). Nevada Co. - Grass Valley [39.137° N/ 121.048° W, 651 m], 13.i.2018 Ben Anderson s.n. (RET 822-10, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.) San Mateo Co. - San Francisco Watershed, 23.xii.1966 G. A. Breckon 669 (SFSU, as nonconformant paratype of Amanita constricta). Shasta Co. - Castella [41.1399° N / 122.315° W, 762 m], 23.x.2014 David Kent DK1023143 (RET 660-3, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). Solano Co. - Stebbins Cold Canyon Reserve [38.508° N/ 122.1065° W, 410 m], 28.xii.2011 Hunter Sezen s.n. [mushroomobserver #137695] (RET 666-6, nrITS-LSU seq'd.). WASHINGTON—Skamania Co. - Gifford Pinchot Nat. For., Pacific Crest, Nat. Scenic Tr., Panther Crk., 21.x.1998 Janet E. Lindgren 98240 (RET 289-8, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
discussion |
The rather plentiful, slender inflated cells with
thickened walls that are dissociated and distributed
throughout the universal veil on the pileus seem like
they may be an important diagnostic character.
The chains of little inflated cells that are below the
shortest basidioles are also valuable as are the recorded characters of the lamella trama. This entity has been called "Amanita species C12" in (Tulloss, 1994), correspondence, and regional checklists. One collection (RET 644-4) was briefly referred to Amanita sp-C23. Molecular study showed that the temporary code was unnecessary, and that that collection belonged in the present taxon. It appears that the more recently described species, A. alseides should be included in the above list of taxa. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
citations | —R. E. Tulloss | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
editors | RET | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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name | Amanita crassiputamen |
name status | nomen provisorum |
author | Tulloss, Kudzma & Pastorino |
english name | "Thick Shell Ringless Amanita" |
images | |
anatomical figures | |
drawing | RET - (1) Amanita crassiputamen (Breckon 669) universal veil showing presence of thick-walled cells (Tulloss 1994), scale as originally published 600:1. |
Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.