Amanita citrina f. lavendula - Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella

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name	Amanita citrina f. lavendula
name status	nomen acceptum
author	(Coker) Veselý
english name	"Lavender Staining American Citrin Amanita"
images	1. Amanita citrina f. lavendula, Coker's photo of potential lectotype, Chapel Hill, Orange Co., North Carolina, USA. 2. Amanita citrina f. lavendula, Coker's photo of syntype, Chapel Hill, Orange Co., North Carolina, USA. 3. Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-10]. 4. Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-10]. 5. Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-10]. 6. Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-10]. 7. 'sp-lavendula03,' Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-3]. 8. 'sp-lavendula03,' Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-3]. 9. 'sp-lavendula02,' Wildacres Retreat, ca. Little Switzerland, McDowell Co., North Carolina, USA [RET 396-2]. 10. Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-10]. 11. 'sp-lavendula03,' Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-3]. 12. 'sp-lavendula02,' Wildacres Retreat, ca. Little Switzerland, McDowell Co., North Carolina, USA [RET 396-2]. 15. Amanita sp-lavendula01, Pakim Pond, Brendan T. Byrne St. For., Burlington Co., New Jersey, USA [RET 419-5].
intro	Nomenclatural and taxonomic changes are very likely with regard to the present taxon. Recent (2012-2013) genetic studies have impacted the understanding of this "taxon." It appears that there may be three or more genetically separable taxa at species rank that are citrina-like and turn some shade of purple if they are exposed to temperatures very close to freezing. We are working on a way of presenting the information as we gather it on this "to be defined" group of taxa. We have descided to present pages for numbered taxa with the temporary codes formed as follows: A. sp-lavendula01, A. sp-lavendula02, and A. sp-lavendula03. The sequence of names can obviously be expanded if need be. The present page is left as it was and probably describes a mixture of the "cryptic" taxa mentioned above. The following is based on the original description by Coker (1917) with additions from personal observations of RET.
cap	The cap of A. citrina f. lavendula is 35 - 95 mm wide, light primrose yellow to nearly white with pale primrose yellow over the center, often with stains of light brown or lavender (e.g., in image on right in top row, above) or purple-lavender or a combination of these, with yellow colors becoming more intense in age or in situ drying and expanding over the entire cap, concave to plano-convex to planar, slightly depressed in the center in maturity, sometimes with a slight umbo in the depression, somewhat viscid when moist, shining when dry, nonappendiculate, with a nonstriate margin at first although sometimes distinctly striate at maturity. The volva is present as occasional, flat, irregular, gray or brown or lavender or pink-lavender patches; these may become rusty-brown with age. The flesh is nearly white, infrequently (probably controlled by environmental conditions) quickly turning lavender when cut, quite thin (e.g., up to 2 mm thick above the center of the gills; up to 5 mm thick above the stem).
gills	The gills are free but close to the stem and connected to the stem by a line that continues down the top of the stem. They are pure white in side view, not forked, and broadest (3.5 - 7 mm) in the middle. The short gills are plentiful.
stem	The stem is up to 100 × 6 - 19 mm, faint primrose yellow above the ring, nearly white below, sometimes with cream or brown or lavender tints, staining brown with handling, usually solid with no distinct central cylinder but sometimes hollow in part , smooth, and somewhat silky shiny. The bulb is proportionately large, abrupt, varying from globose to turnip-shaped, up to 27 × 41 mm wide, soft, spongy, sometimes marginate with short submembranous pieces of the volva, white on the inner surface. The surface of the volva and bulb may take on a distinct lavender or pinkish-lavender or brownish or gray coloration. The ring is primrose yellow (infrequently white), thin, delicate but membranous, placed on the stem 20 - 35 mm below the stem apex, often decorated on the lower side with fibrils formerly attached to the stem, and may fall away from the stipe and be lost or stay attached as a skirt. The ring may have lavender areas under appropriate conditions or turn gray with age.
odor/taste	The odor is like raw green peanuts [or like freshly dug potatoes or freshly dug turnips] when the mushroom is cut.
spores	Spores of the present taxon measure: (6.3-) 6.4 -8.0 (-8.8) × (5.4-) 5.5 - 7.1 (-7.8) µm, globose to subglobose, and amyloid. As in all taxa of section Validae for which the character is reported, clamps are absent from the bases of basidia.
discussion	The present form was originally described from North Carolina, USA, where it occurs commonly in pine (Pinus) forest and mixed woods including pine and oak (Quercus). Within its range, it is one of the last species of Amanita to be found at the end of the mushroom season in autumn or early winter. In addition to the possibility that it seems not to be contaxic with A. bulbosa var. citrina (Schaeff.) Gillet ("Schaeffer's Citrine Bulbous Amanita"), the interpretation of A. citrina in North America has other problems with both naming and taxonomy. The original description of the present taxon includes some material on which no lavender staining was seen according to Coker's annotation on the herbarium packets. RET's personal experience indicates that, without cold nights, many specimens of this mushroom show no lavender at all. Hence, it is possible that Coker's form lavendula includes some material that might also be included under Amanita brunnescens f. straminea E. J. Gilbert, which is a valid name for Amanita citrina in the sense of authors of northeastern North America ("American Citrine Amanita"). Indeed, Gilbert's taxon might be a synonym of f. lavendula. [Note: The name A. brunnescens is wrongly applied in the case of Gilbert's "form." The spores in the Gilbert taxon are larger than in lavender tinted specimens of A. citrina f. lavendula according to RET's type study of the former: (7.5-) 7.8 - 8.5 (-9.2) × (6.8-) 7.0 - 8.2 (-9.0) µm and experience to date with the latter.] In other words, Gilbert's taxon may be based on examples of A. citrina f. lavendula that showed no lavender staining. Brown and pinkish stains are common on the species known as "A. citrina" in and north of New Jersey, while lavender is infrequently seen on the "citrina" of this region unless the material is left in an unheated area on a cold night after collecting—then lavender tints usually appear in one or more of the specimens so treated. Material that RET has personally collected in which a distinct lavender or purple-lavender coloration was present on the cap skin, the stipe's ring, the surface and flesh of the stem, and/or on the volva have been collected south of Virginia for the most part and after at least a short period of cold weather. Nevertheless, based on the cap's pale color, the spore size/shape, and recent frequency of collections with lavender on at least one fruiting body in the collection that has been exposed to cold after collecting, f. lavendula occurs commonly at least as far north as central New Jersey. (For more data on association of date of collection with presence of lavender, click here.) Based on limited experience, the lavender staining seems to RET to be much more common (certainly more widespread on the fruiting body) in specimens collected after a light frost or after a night when the temperature (allowing for windchill) has been below freezing. This suggests that environmental factors (presumably low temperature) are correlated with the accentuation of lavender tinted regions and lavender staining on freshly cut surfaces. A thorough revision (including type studies) of the "North American citrina group" is much needed, and molecular work on specimens that would fall in this group may produce valuable results. As an experiment, we increased the saturation of magenta to the maximum (using Adobe Photoshop^®) in a picture of A. citrina f. lavendula from near the South Carolina-Georgia border and did the same for a picture of a cap of A. bulbosa var. citrina (Schaeff.) Gillet from England. The combined illustrations are shown immediately above. Even at high magnification, the European specimen displayed very little magenta spotting and the North American specimen, as can be seen, has extensive areas of magenta and colors in which magenta is a significant component, especially in association with volva patches. Both pictures were taken on Kodachrome ASA 64 slide film with a Canon AE-1 camera in autumn or early winter (although at different latitudes). The pronounced difference is noticeable despite the fact that the film is not terribly sensitive to the lavender tints and failed to reproduce them well in photographs taken of specimens in which purplish lavender was a component of cap skin coloring. In addition, the lack of lavender was also present on A. bulbosa var. citrina caps that were less mature than the one pictured and in which the volva had not darkened so distinctly. There was no magenta visible in the flesh of sectioned fruiting bodies of the same taxon. There was also a very minimal reaction to maximum saturation of magenta in the case of A. bulbosa (Schaeff.) Lam.. Note also the natural difference in saturation of color of the cap skin in young fruiting bodies between the European and North American taxa. We continued the experiment with additional photographs of A. citrina f. lavendula taken in December at the same South Carolina site. The same phenomena was observed—significant areas of the fruiting body (especially those that had seemed lavender to the naked eye) became strongly magenta. One of the photos from the site shows extensive lavender coloration over most of the cap (first row, right, at the top of this page). In this case, nearly the entire pileus became magenta as a result of the maximum saturation experiment ("hypermagenta test") (left). To date, the hypermagenta test has been applied with negative results only to photographs of material from Europe (France, Norway and the United Kingdom) and to specimens of the current taxon on which no lavender could be detected by the eye. We are very interested in testing photographs (for which there are dried voucher specimens) from parts of Europe other than those cited above. Recently collected material (2006, from North Carolina and Tennessee and showing the strongest lavender color RET has ever seen in the taxon) photographed with a digital camera (Olympus C-5500 Zoom) produced photographs that reacted to the hypermagenta test when there were distinct regions of lavender on the cap, the stem, or on exposed flesh (at right). Research on fruiting body chemistry (proteins) several years ago at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, was unable to differentiate between lavender staining and non-lavender staining material from Tennessee and North Carolina on the basis of a set of proteins studied. On the other hand, comparison of the forms of hyphae and rate of hyphal growth in culture between a similar pair of sets of specimens showed a strong distinction, in research at the same university. A macroscopic review of September collections in North Carolina and Tennessee in 2006 (RET) suggests that all the material (lavender tinted or not may belong to a single taxon. This also seems to be true of the relatively large collections from central and southern New Jersey made in October 2006 (RET).—R. E. Tulloss and L. Possiel
brief editors	RET

name

Amanita citrina f. lavendula

author

(Coker) Veselý. 1933. Ann. Mycol. 31(4): 239.

name status

nomen acceptum

english name

"Lavender Staining American Citrin Amanita"

synonyms

≡Amanita mappa var. lavendula Coker. 1917. J. Elisha Mitchell Scient. Soc. 33(1/2): 39, pl. 22-23, 64.

≡Amanita citrina var. lavendula (Coker) Sartory & L. Maire. 1922. Compend. Hymenomyc.—Amanita ??: 25.

≡Amanita porphyria var. lavendula (Coker) L. Krieg. 1927. Mycologia 19: 309.

≡Amanita brunnescens f. lavendula (Coker) E.-J. Gilbert nom. inval 1941. Iconogr. Myco. (Milan) 27 suppl. 1 (1-3): 336. [Not accepted by author in original publication. ICBN §34.1(a)]

The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site.

MycoBank nos.

508879, 166594, 508880, 171834

GenBank nos.

Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to dead pages. These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.

accession	locus	voucher	source

lectotypes

NCU [to be designated by Tulloss]

lectotypifications

of Neville and Poumarat (2004: 818) rejected by Tulloss (2005a. Mycotaxon 92: 480 [footnote]).

intro

The following text may make multiple use of each data field.

The field may contain magenta text presenting data from a type study and/or revision of other original material cited in the protolog of the present taxon. Macroscopic descriptions in magenta are a combination of data from the protolog and additional observations made on the exiccata during revision of the cited original material.

The same field may also contain black text, which is data from a revision of the present taxon (including non-type material and/or material not cited in the protolog). Paragraphs of black text will be labeled if further subdivision of this text is appropriate.

Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain.

The following material not directly from the protolog of the present taxon and not cited as the work of another researcher is based upon original research by R. E. Tulloss.

[Note: In the following, the material in quotation marks is from (Coker 1917).]

pileus

"...from 3.5 to 8 cm in diameter, flat or slightly depressed in center (sometimes slightly gibbous in center) a light but distinct primrose yellow (not the dull egg yellow shades of A. russuoloides), often with stains of light brown, lavender, purple lavender, or a combination of these; somewhat viscid when damp, shining when dry"; context "...nearly white, sometimes quickly turning to shades of lavender when cut, quite thin, only 2 mm thick at center of gills..."; margin "disctinctly striate when mature, or the striae may be scarcely visible until the margin begins to dry," not appendiculate; universal veil as occasional flat, irregular, lavender or pink-lavender patches."

lamellae

"...pure white, free but close to the stem and connected by a line which runs down a little way [on the apical region of the stipe], deepest near their middle, where they were from 3.5 to 7 mm deep [i.e., broad], deep according to the size of the plant [sic]..., none forked."; lamellulae "..many...."

stipe

?...up to 10 cm long and from 6 to 10 mm thick in center, smooth and somewhat silky-shining, faint primrose-yellow [appearing to be of substance continuous with partial veil, which breaks up and remains concolorous with partial veil, but fades] above and nearly white below the veil, but often with cream, brown, or lavender tints, and brown where bruised"; context "solid but sometimes nearly hollow from the separation of the looser central fibers, no distinct central cylinder"; bulb “"large and abrupt, but variable, sometimes 2.8 cm in diameter, soft and spongy generally with an abruptly truncated top, which may be quite smooth or show slight marginal projections representing the volva"..."the surface is a distinct lavender color, sometimes pinkish or brownish lavender or rarely nearly white (as in No. 1399, but even in this collection the volva patches on the cap were lavender), internally it is white"; partial veil "primrose yellow, thin, delicate, but not flocculent or friable, the lower side often showing the fibers by which it was attached to the stem...it remains attached to the stem from 2 to 3.5 cm below the cap, generally collapsing tightly against the stem, and so delicate at times that it is scarcely noticeable on the mature plant [sic] except where its free edge marks out a colored line against the stem. At other times the veil remains expanded for some time as a perfect skirt, and is quite perfect in the mature plant [sic]"; universal veil "there is no volval cup."

odor/taste

Odor "...when freshly cut like raw green peanuts."

Taste not recorded.

macrochemical
tests

non-type: Spot test for tyrosinase (L-tyrosine): negative throughout basidiome. Spot test for laccase (syringaldazine): negative throughout basidiome—no reaction other than to convert all lavender tint to gray [possibly due to solvent (ethanol)]. Test vouchers: Tulloss 10-30-85-C and 10-26-97-D.

pileipellis

pileus context

lamella trama

subhymenium

basidia

universal veil

stipe context

columnella context

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partial veil

lamella edge tissue

basidiospores

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composite data from original material, RET: [40/2/2] (5.8-) 6.0 - 7.5 (-8.1) × (5.1-) 5.2 - 6.5 (-7.0) μm, (L= 6.4 - 6.8 μm; L' = ?? μm; W = 5.8 -6.0 μm; W' = ?? μm; Q = (1.03-) 1.05 - 1.22 (-1.25); Q = 1.11 - 1.13; Q' = ??), ??, ??, thin-walled, smooth, amyloid, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric, varying in width; contents granular; white in deposit.

ecology

??

non-type: Solitary to gregarious. New Jersey: In deep sandy soil of Pinus rigida-Quercus barrens or ??. South Carolina: In Pinus-Quercus woods. Tennessee: In dark moist loam and litter in forest including Quercus and Pinus.

material examined

from protolog: U.S.A.: NORTH CAROLINA—Orange Co. - Chapel Hill, Battle's Branch, short distance above first bridge, woods, 27.x.1914 H. R. Totten s.n. [W. C. Coker 1432] (syntype, NCU, photo included in protolog, spore print, unambiguous mention of lavender in annotation); Chapel Hill, Bowlin's Creek, ca. Emmerson's Dam, woods, 26.x.1914 W. C. Coker 1430 (syntype, NCU); Chapel Hill, 0.4 km SW of graded school, 25.x.1914 W. C. Coker 1924 (syntype, NCU); Chapel Hill, Howell's Branch, above ravine, 17.x.1912 W. C. Coker 570 (syntype, NCU); Chapel Hill, Howell's Branch, and along branch from Strowd's, 18.x.1912 H. R. Totten 590 (syntype, NCU, photo included in protolog, spore print, unambiguous mention of lavender in annotation); Chapel Hill, Lone Pine Hill, 26.x.1912 W. C. Coker 644 (syntype, NCU); Chapel Hill, 0.2 km below Meeting of the Water, on bank above branch, 21.x.1914 W. C. Coker 1399 (syntype, NCU, photo); Chapel Hill, S of Univ. North Carolina campus, woods, 15.x.1914 W. C. Coker 1355 (syntype, NCU); Chapel Hill, SE of Univ. North Carolina campus, pine woods, 7.xi.1911 W. C. Coker 410. (syntype, NCU, photo); Chapel Hill, woods below Mr. Strowd's, 8.xi.1915 W. C. Coker 1971 (syntype, NCU); Chapel Hill, Tenny's Meadow, SW of old brickyard, dense pine grove, 18.ix.1913 W. C. Coker 853 (syntype, NCU, unambiguous mention of lavender in annotation); Chapel Hill, Univ. North Carolina, Battle's Park, 2.x.1909 W. C. Coker 165 (syntype, NCU, annotation does not mention lavender on basidomes); Chapel Hill, Univ. North Carolina, Battle's Park, near leaning tree, 2.xi.1909 W. C. Coker 166 (syntype, NCU); Chapel Hill, Univ. North Carolina, Battle's Park, mixed woods behind Dr. Wilson's, 24.ix.1912 W. C. Coker 427 (syntype, NCU, photo), 24.ix.1912 W. C. Coker 430 (syntype, NCU, photo); Chapel Hill, woods, 26.x.1911 W. C. Coker 399 (syntype, NCU, photo, unambiguous mention of lavender in annotation); Chapel Hill, woods E of school house, 5.x.1912 W. C. Coker 510 (syntype, NCU).

Original material revised by RET: U.S.A.: NORTH CAROLINA—Orange Co. - Chapel Hill, Battle's Branch, short distance above first bridge, woods, 27.x.1914 H. R. Totten s.n. [W. C. Coker 1432] (proposed lectotype, NCU, photo included in protolog, spore print, unambiguous mention of lavender in annotation). Chapel Hill, Howell's Branch, and along branch from Strowd's, 18.x.1912 H. R. Totten 590 (syntype, NCU, photo included in protolog, spore print, unambiguous mention of lavender in annotation).

non-type material revised by RET: U.S.A.: MASSACHUSETTS—Barnstable Co. (Cape Cod) - ca. Eastham, 15.x.2009 participant NEMF 2009 s.n. [Tulloss 10-15-09-E] (RET 448-4, sp-lavendula-1). MISSISSIPPI—Harrison Co. - ca. Saucier, Choctaw Crk. Woods, 2.xii.1989 Anna Pleasanton s.n. [Tulloss 12-2-89-I] (RET 145-10). MISSOURI—Ste. Genevieve Co. - W of Ste. Genevieve, Hawn St. Pk. [37.8337° N/ 90.2416° W, 262 m], 30.x.2011 Patrick Harvey s.n. [mushroomobserver.org 81042] (RET 495-8, sp-lavendula02). NEW JERSEY—Burlington Co. - Brendan T. Byrne [=Lebanon] St. For., Pakim Pond [39°52’47” N/ 74°31’59” W], 9.x.1994 NJMA foray participant s.n. [Tulloss 10-9-94-F] (RET 133-4), s.n. [Tulloss 10-26-97-D] (RET 271-6, sp-lavendula02), 29.x.2006 R. E. Tulloss & NJMA foray participants s.n. [Tulloss 10-29-06-A] (RET 419-5, sp-lavendula-1), 26.x.2008 Nina Burghardt s.n. (RET 447-4). Cape May Co. - Belleplain St. For., Jakes Landing Rd. [39°11’22”N/74°51’12”W], 21.x.2006 R. E. Tulloss 10-21-06-A (RET 398-1), -B (RET 397-7, sp-lavendula01) -D (RET 397-10), -K (RET 397-9). Middlesex Co. - Jamesburg Twp., Jamesburg Twp. Pk., ca. Helmetta [40°23’07” N/ 74°25’48” W], 17.x.2006 R. E. Tulloss 10-17-06-A (RET 396-7). Monmouth Co. - Manasquan Reservoir Co. Pk., 17.viii.2008 R. E. & M. A. Tulloss s.n. (RET 419-10, sp-lavendula-3). Ocean Co. - ca. Barnegat, Garden St. Pkwy., Cedar Crk. or Oyster Crk. Picnic Area, 9.xi.1989 W. Bakaitis 89-13 (RET 093-4); Waretown, 1983 C. Hogenbirk 83-1 (RET 132-8). NEW YORK—Sussex Co. (Long Isl.) - East Hampton Town, Napeague, Cranberry Hole Rd., 17.x.1992 Lance T. Biechele s.n. (RET 073-8). Ulster Co. - Wawarsing, Minnewaska St. Pk., 224.ix.2010 participant NEMF2010 s.n. [Tulloss 9-24-10-A] (RET, sp-lavendula-1). Warren Co. - Warrensburg, Pack For., 12.ix.1992 W. Bakaitis s.n. (RET 071-1). NORTH CAROLINA—McDowell Co. - ca. Little Switzerland, Wildacres Retreat, 30.ix.2006 Glenda O’Neal s.n. [Tulloss 9-30-06-C] (RET 396-2, sp-lavendula02). SOUTH CAROLINA—Abbeville Co. - Sumter Nat. For., 129.xii.1982 ?? 12-29-82-? (RET ??). Anderson Co. - Hartwell Lake, 27.xii.1982 R. E. Tulloss 12-27-82-C (RET ??), -D (RET 399-4), -E (RET 399-5), -F (RET 399-10), -G (RET 399-9), -H (RET 399-3, sp-lavendula03). Oconee Co. - Seneca [34°46'09" N/ 82°57'55" W, 263 m], 25.xii.1982 R. E. Tulloss 12-25-82-D (RET 400-2), 11-28-85-B (RET 132-7), -E (RET 132-9), 11-30-85-C (RET 131-2). -D (RET 132-10). TENNESSEE—Blount Co. - GSMNP, Cades Cove, picnic area, 27.ix.2006 R. E. Tulloss 9-27-06-H (RET 396-3); GSMNP, Cades Cove, Forge Crk. Rd., 27.ix.2006 D. J. Lodge & E. Lickey s.n. [Tulloss 9-27-06-I] (RET 396-8, sp-lavendula-2); GSMNP, Rabbit Crk. Tr., 2.ix.2006 unkn. coll. s.n. [TFB 12917] (TENN 61382, sp-lavendula-2).

discussion

A comparison of sporographs based on the original material of the present taxon that are candidates for designation as its lectotype and Amanita brunnescens f. straminea, a clearly citrinoid taxon, are found in the following diagram:

Note regarding lectotypification: Thirteen of 17 syntypes were located by RET in NCU. These are being examined in order to support selection of a lectotype from among them. In the process of selecting a lectotype, RET has first eliminated material for which the annotation does not unambiguously state that lavender was present on a basidiome in a given collection. In addition, a syntype was eliminated from consideration if it is missing some significant element such as universal veil on the bulb or the partial veil. Existence of a photograph of the fresh material and, especially, publication of such a photograph of a given collection in the protolog was viewed as increasing the value of the collection, all other elements being equal.

Note regarding molecular results (23.ii.2013 per Dr. Karen Hughes, personal communication): Recent molecular studies indicate that the collections listed above can be divided into at least three distinct taxa (segregated by nrITS sequences). All three taxa have been observed to turn lavender upon exposure to near freezing or freezing temperatures. The collections that have been segregated by sequencing are marked in the "materials examined" data field by placing "sp-lavendula01," "sp-lavendula02." and "sp-lavendula03" following the herbarium accession number. Notice that more than one of these taxa can be found at a single location (e.g., Pakim Pond) and that all three can be found in the sandy soil of the New Jersey pine-oak barrens in the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

The taxon here called "sp-lavendula01" is particularly curious because the samples of this taxon instead of sharing a relatively invariant nrITS sequence as in the other two cases, is apparently an interbreeding cluster of infraspecific hybrids (Hughes et al., in review). Hughes et al. hypothesize that the ancestors of the cluster may have begun to diverge genetically while in isolated glacial refugia; however, this divergence did not lead to the point of reproductive isolation. When the forests and their symbionts moved outward from the refugia at the end of the period(s) of glaciation, the formerly isolated, lavender staining groups could meet and mate—producing the infraspecific hybrid cluster. At the present time, there is no indication that the original genomes of the isolated ancestors can be recovered from samples of sp-lavendula01; on the other hand the formerly isolated genomes have not had the time to become homogenized within sp-lavendula01. Hughes et al. have regularly extrated multiple distinct sequences of nrITS (for example) from a single basidiome.

Note: The illustration of the collection from North Carolina (sp-lavendula-2) indicates that a fruiting body with rather strong yellow on the cap (as opposed to the pallid cap described by Coker) can have strong lavender staining.

Note: Tulloss 12-25-82-D had a pallid cap, lacked lavender staining and had spores much more in alignment with A. brunnescens var. straminea than with lavender staining collections.

Note: It may be useful to devise an experiment to indicate whether near freezing temperatures overnight do not induce BOTH the change in size and shape of the spores AND the lavender staining reaction.

citations

Scratchpad area: Tulloss 12-25-82-D: [20/1/1] (6.9-) 7.0 - 9.0 (-9.4) × (6.0-) 6.4 - 8.1 (-8.5) μm, (L = 7.9 μm; W = 7.2 μm; Q = 1.03 - 1.16 (-1.21⁺); Q = 1.09).

composite data from all material examined by RET: [75/4/4] (5.5–) 6.3 – 8.0 (–8.8) × (5.0–) 5.5 – 7.0 (–7.8) µm, (L = 6.6 – 7.2 µm; L’ = 7.0 µm; W = 5.8 – 6.4 µm; W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.03–) 1.06 – 1.26 (–1.30); Q = 1.11 – 1.18; Q’ = 1.14), colorless, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, amyloid, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, infrequently globose or ellipsoid, adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, cylindric; contents ??; "white" in deposit. —R. E. Tulloss

editors

RET

Information to support the viewer in reading the content of "technical" tabs can be found here.

name	Amanita citrina f. lavendula
name status	nomen acceptum
author	(Coker) Veselý
english name	"Lavender Staining American Citrin Amanita"
images	1. Amanita citrina f. lavendula, Coker's photo of potential lectotype, Chapel Hill, Orange Co., North Carolina, USA. 2. Amanita citrina f. lavendula, Coker's photo of syntype, Chapel Hill, Orange Co., North Carolina, USA. 3. Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-10]. 4. Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-10]. 5. Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-10]. 6. Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-10]. 7. 'sp-lavendula03,' Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-3]. 8. 'sp-lavendula03,' Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-3]. 9. 'sp-lavendula02,' Wildacres Retreat, ca. Little Switzerland, McDowell Co., North Carolina, USA [RET 396-2]. 10. Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-10]. 11. 'sp-lavendula03,' Hartwell Lk., Anderson Co., South Carolina, near border with Georgia, USA [RET 399-3]. 12. 'sp-lavendula02,' Wildacres Retreat, ca. Little Switzerland, McDowell Co., North Carolina, USA [RET 396-2]. 15. Amanita sp-lavendula01, Pakim Pond, Brendan T. Byrne St. For., Burlington Co., New Jersey, USA [RET 419-5].
photo	Dr. William Chambers Coker - (1-2) Chapel Hill, Orange County, North Carolina, U.S.A. [From photographs included in protolog.] RET - (3-8, 10-11) Hartwell Lake, Anderson County, South Carolina, ca. border with Georgia, U.S.A. (9, 12) Wildacres Retreat, ca. Little Switzerland, McDowell County, North Carolina, U.S.A. (15) Pakim Pond, Brendan T. Byrne State Forest, Burlington County, New Jersey, U.S.A. Patrick Harvey - (13-14) Hawn State Park, Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri, U.S.A. Original size images and additional images of the same collection are on www.mushroomobserver.com #81042. Note: Photos of European material are credited on the A. bulbosa var. citrina page (here).

Spore data for collections
provisionally identified as: Amanita citrina f. lavendula (Coker) Veselý

Spore data sets and their composite

Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.

basidiospore definition

Spore Measurements by Collection

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name	Amanita citrina f. lavendula
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